重复法 Repetition.

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1 重复法 Repetition

2 一、定义： 是指在译文中适当地重复原文中出现过的词语，以使意思表达得更加清楚；或者进一步加强语气，突出强调某些内容，收到更好的修辞效果。一般而言，英语往往为了行文简洁而尽量避免重复。所以，英语经常借助替代、省略或变换等其他表达方法。相反，重复却是汉语表达的一个显著特点。在许多场合某些词语不仅需要重复，而且也只有重复这些词语，语义才能明确，表达才能生动。为了达到汉语译文准确、通顺和完整的翻译标准，在英译汉中，常常使用重复译法。 He hated failure; he had conquered it all his life, risen above it, despised it in others. 他讨厌失败，他一生中曾战胜失败，超越失败，并且藐视别人的失败。

3 Where are the books I left on the table?
Do you mean the ones that have torn covers? No. They are what I wanted to throw away. I mean the ones covered in brown paper. 我放在桌上的书呢？ 你是指封皮撕了的那些书吗？ 不是，那些是我想扔掉的书，我指的是包着棕色纸皮的书。

4 二、重复法与增词法的区别： 重复法实际上也是一种增词法，只不过所增加的是上文出现过的词。
My work, my family and my friends were more than enough to fill my time. 我干工作，做家务， 交朋友，这些占用了我的全部时间。 Reading makes a full man, conference a ready man and writing an exact man. 读书使人充实，讨论使人机智，写作使人准确。 Courage in excess becomes foolhardiness, affection weakness, thrift avarice. 勇敢过度，即成蛮勇；疼爱过度，即成溺爱；俭约过度，即成贪婪。

5 三、重复法的作用： 二是为了强调； 三是为了生动。 1.为了使译文明确具体而重复
一是为了明确； 二是为了强调； 三是为了生动。 1.为了使译文明确具体而重复 We like blue less than red but more than green or yellow. 我们更喜欢红色而不那么喜欢蓝色，但比起绿色或黄色来又较喜欢蓝色。 Mr. Jarden was playing for high stakes, but so was Mr. Marcus. 贾登先生的赌注下得很大，马库斯先生的赌注也不小。

6 2.为了强调而重复 Be polite, above all, to old people. 要有礼貌，尤其是对老年人要有礼貌。 Do whatever you please. 你喜欢做什么就做什么吧。 Gentlemen may cry Peace, peace---but there is no peace. 先生们尽管可以高喊“和平、和平”，但是依然没有和平。

7 3.为使译文生动而重复 1)单字的重复 在英语句子中，有些动词在翻译成汉语时，出于从现代汉语规范和表达习惯等角度的考虑，为使译文生动活泼，原文的动词要采用“AA”“A-A”“A了A”等形式的重复方法。 ①Please wait a minute.请等一等。 ②Try and do it again. 再试着做做看。 ③He stamped off, growling as he went. 他跺了跺脚，满腹牢骚地走开了。

8 2.运用词的重叠 无论是在古汉语中还是在现代汉语中，词的重叠都是一种常见的修辞手段。在英译汉时，我们可以适当采用词的重叠，尤其是四字重叠，即AA或AABB结构，以使译文生动活泼。 ①The so-called famous singer was greeted by only a very slight and very scattering ripples of hand-clapping from the audience. 欢迎这位所谓“著名”歌手的只有几下轻轻的、稀稀拉拉的掌声。 ②He had his experiment report all written out neatly. 他的实践报告写得清清楚楚。

9 英汉叠词对比 英语的重叠式只有一个格式，即从式，另有两个变式，即改变元音的重叠式和改变辅音的重叠式。例如： （1）AA式： Bye-bye, craw-craw, chow-chow, din-din，goody-goody, haw-haw，hula-hula，pooh-pooh （2）元音变式：clip-clop, criss-cross, ding-dong, flip-flop, ping-pong, tick-tack, wishy-washy, zig-zag （3）辅音变式：hobble-bubble, , hotch-potch, piggy-wiggy, pell-moll, razzle-dazzle, teeny-weeny, walkie-talkie

10 叠词是汉语的一种特殊词汇现象，使用非常普遍。主要的形态格式有以下十类：
（1）AA式 （2）AAB式 （3）ABB式 （4）AABB式 （5）ABAB式 （6）A一A式 （7）A了（一）A式 （8）A呀/啊A式 （9）A着A着式 （10）A里AB式 天天 看看 样样 红红 毛毛雨 洗洗手 刷刷牙 写写字 眼巴巴 水汪汪 凉丝丝 亮晶晶 高高兴兴 认认真真 三三两两 滴滴答答 一个一个 雪白雪白 飞快飞快 漆黑漆黑 看一看 试一试 热一热 猜一猜 看了看（看了一看） 试了试（试了一试） 摸了摸（摸了一摸） 拍了拍（拍了一拍） 唱呀唱 游呀游 走呀走 读呀读 说着说着 数着数着 跳着跳着 哭着哭着 糊里糊涂 傻里傻气 娇里娇气 啰里啰嗦

11 Eating and drinking, he has passed through his life.
他吃吃喝喝地过了一生。 With his tardiness, careless and appallingly good temper, we had nothing to do with him. 他老是磨磨蹭蹭，马马虎虎，脾气又好得惊人，我们都对他毫无办法。 I had been completely honest in my replies, withholding nothing. 我的回答完全是坦坦荡荡，（直言无隐），不藏不掖。 His children, too, were as ragged and wild as if they belonged to nobody. 他的那些孩子，也是穿得破破烂烂，粗野不堪，就象没有父母似的。

12 3.运用四字对偶词组 汉语中许多四字对偶词组是我们所熟知的，这种词组中前后两对词组形成对偶，往往具有相同或类似的含义。英译汉时对此类词组的恰当使用，同样也可以达到生动活泼的效果。 例如：ingratitude（忘恩负义）；prosperity（繁荣昌盛）；great contribution（丰功伟绩）；gratitude（感恩戴德）；eternal glory to(永垂不朽)；vivid（生动活泼）；arrogance（骄傲自大）；careless（粗心大意）；in chaos(乌烟瘴气)；rumors(流言蜚语)；street gossip（街谈巷议）；grotesque（奇形怪状）等。 1)Do not fancy any longer. To you, he is absolutely a man of loyalty. 别再胡思乱想了，他对你绝对是一心一意。 2)The trial, in his opinion, was absolutely fair. 在他看来，这次审判绝对是公平合理的。 3)The stamp collector is said to have a unique stamp. 据说那位集邮者有一张独一无二的邮票。

13 4.运用两个四字词组 作为汉语一大特点的四字词组，意义比较精炼，读起来朗朗上口，有节奏感；如果运用得当，可是文字生动活泼，增强修辞效果。在符合忠实、通顺的标准前提下，在译文中可酌情运用两个同义或近义的四字词组。 ①But there had been too much publicity about my case. 但我的事现在已经搞得满城风雨，人人皆知了。 ②He showed himself calm in an emergency situation. 在危急情况下，他从容不迫，镇定自若。

14 Is he a friend or an enemy? 他是个朋友呢，还是个敌人？
四、使用重复法的几种情况 1.重复动词 Is he a friend or an enemy? 他是个朋友呢，还是个敌人？ Light travels more quickly than sound does. 光传播的速度要比声音传播速度要快得多。 They want to stop the experiment, but I prefer not to. 他们想要停止实验，我想还是不停的好。 Reading exercises one’s eyes; speaking one’s tongue; while writing one’s mind. 阅读训练人的眼睛，说话训练人的口齿，写作训练人的思维。

15 We talk of ourselves, of our prospect, of the journey, of the weather, of each other.
我们谈到自己，谈到前途，谈到旅程，谈到天气，谈到彼此的情况。 They wanted to determine if he complied with the terms of his employment and his obligations as an American. 他们想要确定，他是否履行了受雇条件，是否履行了作为美国公民所应尽的职责。 Grammar deals with the structure of language, English grammar with the structure of English, French grammar with the structure of French. 语法论述语言的结构，英语语法论述英语的结构，法语语法论述法语的结构。

16 2．重复名词 （1）重复作宾语的名词 We must do our best to develop the students’ ability to analyze and solve problems. 我们必须尽力培养学生分析问题和解决问题的能力。 Operators should inspect and oil their machines before work. 操作人员在操作前应当检查机器，并给机器加油润滑. They would be very reluctant to postpone or cancel the meeting. 他们不太愿意推迟这个会议或者取消这个会议。

17 （2）重复英语中介词短语前省略的名词 The doctor will get more practice out of me than out of seventeen hundred ordinary patients. 医生从我身上得到的实践，比从一千七百个普通病人身上得到的实践还多。 On a fine day the sight of foreign seamen, or of tall ships from far away, or of an exotic bit of merchandise from halfway round the world gives us a pang of jealousy of the men who move about over the sea viewing the wonders of the deep. 在晴朗的日子里，看见外国的水手，看见远处高大的海轮，甚至看到一件从世界的另一面飘洋过海而来，带着异国情调的商品，我们都会感到一阵强烈的妒忌，妒忌那些远涉重洋，饱览海洋奇观的海员.

18 3.重复代词 根据需要，有时将英语中代词所指代的名词重复译出，能时读者一目了然，译文更明确具体。 （1）人称代词的重复 There is air all around us although we cannot see it. 虽然我们看不见空气，但我们周围都是空气。 Jesse opened his eyes. They were filled with tears. 杰西睁开眼睛，眼里充满了泪水。

19 当定语从句与主句分译时，常将关系代词的先行词重复译出，
（2）物主代词的重复 Big families had their own difficulties. 大家庭有大家庭的难处。 Ours is an old country. 我们的国家是一个古老的国家。 Each country has its own customs. 各国有各国的风俗。 （3）重复关系代词 当定语从句与主句分译时，常将关系代词的先行词重复译出， 以使译文清楚明白。 The cook turned pale, and asked the housemaid to shut the door, who asked Brittles, who asked the tinker, who pretended not to hear. 厨子的脸色变得苍白，叫女仆去把门关上，女仆叫布拉特尔去 关，布拉特尔又叫补锅匠去关，而补锅匠装做没听见。

20 （4）重复以-ever结尾的连接代词或连接副词，以示强调。
I’ll take whoever wants to go. 谁想去，我就带谁去。 You may take whichever will interest you best. 哪一个你最感兴趣，你就可以拿哪一个。 We’ll come to see you again whenever we have time. 我们什么时候有时间，就什么时候再来看你。

21 （5）为了是译文明确具体，重复代词one (复数 ones),that(复数those)所指内容。如：
I have two blue shirts and three white ones. 我有两件蓝色的衬衣和三件白色的衬衣。 About 65 million years ago the dinosaurs just disappeared. What could have caused that? 大约6500万年前恐龙就消失了。是什么原因导致的恐龙的消失呢？ 但是，在上下文很清楚的情况下，就不必重复这些代词。例如： I haven’t got a raincoat. I’ll have to buy one. 我没有雨衣，我得去买一件。

22 Exercises： John and Mary stole a toy from my son. Their mother told them to return the toy, but they said it was theirs. He never really succeeded in his ambitions. He might have done, one felt, had it not been for the restlessness of his nature. It is our duty to rebuild and defend our homeland. People forgot your face first, then your name. 。

23 Exercises： John and Mary stole a toy from my son. Their mother told them to return the toy, but they said it was theirs. 约翰和玛丽偷了我儿子的一个玩具，他们的母亲让还回来， 可他们却说玩具是自己的。 He never really succeeded in his ambitions. He might have done, one felt, had it not been for the restlessness of his nature. 他从未实现过自己的抱负，人们觉得，如果不是因为他那不安分 的天性，也许他早已实现了自己抱负。 It is our duty to rebuild and defend our homeland. 重建家园、保卫家园是我们的职责。 People forgot your face first, then your name. 人们首先忘记了你的容貌，接着又忘记了你的名字。 。

24 Ambition is the mother of destruction as well as evil.
The political, social and, above all, economic pressures are growing. It is our conviction that cloning of human beings is bound to cause many ethical and social problems in the long run. Year after year and century after century the moon goes through its cycles.

25 Ambition is the mother of destruction as well as evil.
野心不仅是罪恶的根源，也是毁灭的根源。 The political, social and, above all, economic pressures are growing. 政治压力、社会压力、尤其是经济压力都在不断增加。 It is our conviction that cloning of human beings is bound to cause many ethical and social problems in the long run. 我们坚信，从长远的观点来看，克隆人必定导致许多伦理问题和社会问题。 Year after year and century after century the moon goes through its cycles. 一年又一年，一个世纪又一个世纪，月亮盈亏变化，周而复始。

26 Thank You !