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Chapter 3 The Process of Translation Zhang Yuan

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1 Chapter 3 The Process of Translation Zhang Yuan

2 Contents I. Lead-in (Question) II. Explanations on the process
of translation III. Analysis on the steps of translation and some practice IV. Assignments

3 I. Lead-in Please tell us what is your own process of translation?
Warming-up question: Please tell us what is your own process of translation?

4 II. Explanations on the process of translation
The four basic processes in translating consist of (1) analysis of the source text, (2) transfer from source to target language, (3) restructuring in the target language, (4) testing of the translated text with persons who represent the intended audience. (Nida, Language, Culture & Translating, Shanghai FLEP, 1993: )

5 翻译过程指翻译活动所经过的程序,一般认为包括三个阶段:理解原文、用目的语表达、校验修改译文。其中,理解是表达的基础或前提,表达是理解的结果。
(方梦之,《译学辞典》,上海外语教育出版社,2004:15)

6 The Process of Translation: Three steps
Comprehension Expression Proofreading 原文理解 译文表达 译文校核 准确 流畅 仔细

7 III. The analysis on the steps of translation
Step One—Comprehension of Source Texts 理解是英汉翻译过程中的第一步,也是整个过程中 最关键的一步。译者能否准确地表达原文的思想内 容,关键在于是否准确理解了原文。因此,理解是 表达的基础,是表达的先决条件。没有正确的理解 就不可能有忠实的译文,当然也谈不上通畅、自然 的表达。

8 Question:How to accurately comprehend the original text?
例1:If it worked once, it can work twice. ⑴ 如果它能工作一次,它就能工作两次 ⑵ 如果它一旦起作用,它能作用两次。 ⑶ 如果再操作一次,它能工作两次。 ⑷ 要是马上干的话,能干两倍的活。 ⑸ 一旦开始,永不停息。 ⑹ 举一反三。 ⑺ 如果它一旦工作,就将取得两倍功效。 ⑻ 立即工作,效率两倍。 ⑼ 万事开头难。 ⑽ 一次得手,再次不愁。

9 例2: It was a good dinner. 丰盛的晚餐 He is a good chess player. 棋艺高超
She speaks good English. 流利的 I have done a good day’s work. 整整的 It was a girl with good manners. 举止得体 The young brother wants to have the good half of the bread. 一大半

10 理解阶段需要做到: (1) 弄清词义 (2) 确切理解习语 (3) 分析语法结构和句子结构 (4) 理顺逻辑关系 (5) 文体把握

11 (1) 弄清词义 × √ Ned has a weakness for wine. 译文一:尼德不善于喝酒。 译文二:尼德特别喜欢喝酒。
Weakness:n. 嗜好,癖好 ×

12 确切理解单词意义的方法 翻译过程的理解同一般的阅读理解有区别: 英译汉过程中的理解,指解读原文以最大 程度地获取原文所蕴含的信息量。 方法:
有效地扩大词汇量,减少理解中的“拦路虎”。 根据上下文语境和词语搭配进行判断 重视熟悉单词的一词多义现象。

13 1. I was so angry that I couldn’t find my tongue.
课堂互动:判断哪个译文正确? 1. I was so angry that I couldn’t find my tongue. A.我是如此生气以至于都找不着自己的舌头了。 B.我是如此生气以至于一句话都说不出来了。 2.He is dead,as I live. A.他死了,我还活着。 B.他的确死了。

14 (2) 确切理解习语 习语指那些惯用语或固定词组。
The name of the game is controlling the population. 游戏的名称是控制人口。? 问题的关键在于控制人口。? ---the name of the game: the main purpose or most important aspect of an activity. 一项活动的主要目的或最重要的方面。

15 易错的习语 to gild the lily 锦上添花 画蛇添足 to call the names 点 名 辱骂、谩骂
锦上添花 画蛇添足 to call the names 点 名 辱骂、谩骂 to eat one’s words 食言 收回前言、认错道歉 to pull one’s leg 拉后腿 取笑、戏弄

16 (3) 分析语法结构和句子结构 The woman who said she saw the murder wears glasses.
那女人说她戴着眼镜看见谋杀。? 那个说看到谋杀的妇女戴着眼镜。?

17 课堂互动:分析以下句子语法结构并翻译 She told the others, and soon all of them were in it, caught up in the approach of Brunswich, looking at the pictures Vingo showed them of his wife and three children—the woman handsome in a plain way, the children still unformed in the much-handled snapshots. 译文:她告诉了其他人,很快大家全知道了,都关注着布伦斯威克的到来;同时也看着文戈拿给他们看的几张照片,是他妻子和三个孩子的照片—从那几张触摸过多的快照上看,那女人自有一种朴实美,孩子们还没有发育成熟。

18 (4) 理顺逻辑关系 当用语法手段无法来理解句子,尤其 是一些歧异结构的句子的意义时,就 必须借助逻辑手段。
原文中存在的一些逻辑上的关系,译 者要能从字里行间、上下文关系上悟 出来。

19 1. He bought a picture of the house which many people thought to be a replica(复制品).
他买了一张那房子的画,许多人认为那张画是件复制品。 2. He bought a picture of the house which many people thought to be the former apartment of Longfellow. 他买了一张那房子的画,许多人认为那房子是朗费罗先生以前住的地方。

20 有个西方进步记者去到解放区,看到那里的情况很受感动,大加赞扬。于是写了一篇文章进行报道,其中有那么一句:
The people in the liberated region are aggressive. ---How to translate “aggressive”? 我们顺着作者的思维逻辑,就可以肯定,这里的aggressive应是“有进取心的”而不能是“侵略的”。

21 You can use headings in letters if this aids communication.
课堂互动:注意原文逻辑关系并翻译 You can use headings in letters if this aids communication. 如果使用字母表示标题有助于交流,你可以这样做。 ? (疑问:逻辑上看这不是废话吗???) (思考:letters 除了指字母,还可能指别的意思吗?) 正确译文:只要有助于交流,你在书信里也可以使用标题。

22 (5) 文体把握 不同文体的文章采用不同的表达方式,翻译时,要弄清原文的特征,分析文章的风格,用贴切的译文,再现原文的风格。

23 课堂互动:判断下列句子文体并翻译 1. Finest food, most attractive surroundings and a friendly disposition. 译文:饭菜上乘,环境幽雅,服务一流。 2. As land developed, rain water and rivers dissolved salts and other substances from rocks and carried them to the oceans , making the ocean salty. 译文:陆地形成时,雨水和河水溶解了岩石中的盐和其他物质,并把它们带入海洋,使海水变咸。 3. The story dated back to one night in March, 1993, when Mr. and Mrs. Shoemakers went to an observatory near San Diego, California to observe heavenly bodies till dawn. 译文:故事追溯到1993年3月的一个夜晚。苏梅克夫妇到加利福尼亚圣地亚哥附近的天文台去观测天体,直到黎明。

24 2. Step Two—Expression of Target Texts
在翻译过程中,准确无误的理解为的是通顺、妥帖的表达。所谓表达,就是在充分理解原文的基础上,将原文的思想内容用规范的汉语准确无误地传达出来。 事实上,表达并不单纯是对原文中的字、词、句进行机械的死译、硬译,而是要在对原文进行准确而真切的领会之后,对原文中的语言进行转换、重组,使译文符合汉语的表达习惯和表达方式。

25 Question:How to smoothly express the target text?
例:He was nothing if not a hypocrite. 他不是伪君子才怪呢。 The fact that Tom hopes to join the army was the worst-kept secret. 汤姆想参军入伍是公开的秘密。 Mary excused her absence by saying she was ill. 玛丽说她之所以没出席是因为他病了。

26 表达阶段需要做到: (1)使用规范的汉语 (2)符合汉语的逻辑表达方式

27 (1)使用规范的汉语 例: ……but not many movies are made in Hollywood today……
译文一:但如今没有好多影片是在好莱坞摄制的。 译文二:但如今好莱坞摄制的影片已经不多了。

28 规范性 课堂互动:翻译下列句子,注意汉语表达的 Don’t treat me like a guest. 你太客气了。
Millions and millions of people are waiting outside. 千百万人都在外面等着。 He was canny, openhanded, brisk, candid and modest. 他聪明大方,生机勃勃,忠厚耿直,谦虚谨慎。 That little girl has a ready tongue. 这位姑娘伶牙利齿。

29 (2)符合汉语的逻辑表达方式 例: All was cleared up some time later when news came from a distant place that an earthquake was felt the very day the little copper ball fell. 分析:英文是先给出了结论,然后叙述具体细节,但汉语往往相反。译时要对语序做出相应的调整。 译文:过了一些时候,从远方传来了消息:小铜球坠落的当天,确实发生了地震。这一切终于得到了澄清。

30 课堂互动:翻译下列句子,注意汉语表达 的逻辑规律
1. You’ll never realize how fortunate you are to have a good health until it is suddenly brought home to you by the sight of suffering. 除非你亲眼目睹体弱多病之苦,不然,你是不会意识到拥有一个 健康的身体有多好。 2. All the wisdom of the ages, all the stories that have delighted mankind for centuries, are easily and cheaply available to all of us within the covers of books. 古往今来人类的一切智慧结晶,数百年来人们津津乐道的那些故事,我们都可以轻松地从书本中得到。

31 3. Step Three—Proofreading of Target Texts
细致校核是理解和表达的进一步深化,是对原文内容进一步核实以及 对译文语言进一步推敲的阶段。

32 The cold weather frosted up the track last night. 审校前:昨晚寒冷的天气使跑道上结了霜。
Question:How to carefully check the target text? 例: The cold weather frosted up the track last night. 审校前:昨晚寒冷的天气使跑道上结了霜。 审校后:昨晚天气寒冷,跑道上结了霜。

33 一般来说,校对可分两步来完成。 第一步是对照原文,逐句查对有无错译、漏译之处,如有,应及时修改; 第二步是脱离原作,将重点放在语篇上,看看译文是否通顺、条理是否清晰、 语言是否规范、风格是否统一。

34 课堂互动:翻译下列句子,注意校核 Owing to the remarkable development on mass-communications, everywhere people are feeling new wants and are being exposed to new customs and ideas, while governments are often forced to introduce still further innovations for the reason given above. 审校前:由于大众传媒(通讯)的迅速发展,各地人们正感受到新的需求,接触到新的习俗和思想,而同时政府常常由于上述原因不得不(被迫)推出更多的革新。 审校后:大众通讯极大发展后,各地人们不断有新需求,不断接触新思想新习俗,由于上述原因,政府常常得推陈革新。(去掉多余词语,语义明确、简练)

35 Assignments: I. Translation Exercises:
1. Rubber is not hard; it gives way to pressure. 2. He had words with her. 3. We shall not want for food. 4. I had experienced oxygen and/or engine trouble. 5. Their accent couldn’t fool a native speaker. II. Preview: Major Translation Approaches in China and Abroad Please introduce to us some translation methods when we meet next time.


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