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定语从句 7月17号
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定语从句 定义及相关术语 关系代词引导的定语从句 “介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句 关系副词引导的定语从句
关系副词引导的定语从句 关系代词as和which 引导的定语从句 定语从句与同位语从句的区别
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定语从句:修饰某一名词或代词的从句叫定语从句。定语从句一般紧跟在它所修饰的先行词之后
先行词:被定语从句修饰的词叫先行词。 关系词:引导定语从句的词关系词。 关系词有关系代词和关系副词。
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关系代词有that, which, who, whom, whose, as等;关系副词有when, where, why等。
关系词通常有下列三个作用: A、引导定语从句; B、代替先行词; C、在定语从句中担当一个成分。例如: The man who is shaking hands with my father is a policeman. 该句中,who is shaking hands with my father 是定语从句,修饰先行词the man, “who”是引导定语从句的关系词,代替先行词the man,在定语从句中作主语。
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The boys who are playing football are from Class One. 正在踢足球的男孩是一班的。
(二)关系代词引导的定语从句 1.who 指人,在定语从句中作主语。 The boys who are playing football are from Class One. 正在踢足球的男孩是一班的。 Yesterday I helped an old man who had lost his way. 昨天我帮助了一位迷路的老人。
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2.whom 指人,在定语从句中做宾语,常可省略。
Li Ming is just the boy ( whom ) I want to see. 李明正是我想要见的男孩。 注意:关系代词whom 在口语或非正式文体中常可用who 来代替,也可省略。 The man ( whom / who )you met just now is my old friend.
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3.Which 指物,在定语从句中做主语或宾语,做宾语时常可省略。
Football is a game which is liked by most boys. 足球是大多数男孩所喜欢的运动。 The factory which makes computers is far away from here. 制造计算机的那家公司离这儿很远。This is the pen ( which ) he bought yesterday. 这是他昨天买的钢笔。
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4.That 指人时,相当于who 或whom;指物时,相当于which.。在定语从句中作主语或宾语,作宾语时常可省略。
The number of people that / who come to visit this city each year reaches one million. 每年来参观这座城市的人数达一百万。 Where is the man that / whom I saw this morning? 我今天早上看到的那个人在哪儿? The person that /whom you introduced to me is very kind. 你介绍给我的那个人很友好。
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5.Whose 通常指人,也可指物,在定语从句中做定语。可翻译成【的】
I visited a scientist whose name is known all over the country. 我拜访了一个全国知名的科学家。 He has a friend whose father is a doctor. 他有一个爸爸当医生的朋友。 I once lived in the house whose roof has fallen in. 我曾经住在那幢屋顶已经倒塌了的房子里。
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注意:指物时,常用下列结构来代替: The classroom whose door is broken will soon be repaired. The classroom the door of which is broken will soon be repaired. Do you like the book whose cover is yellow? Do you like the book the cover of which is yellow?
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(三)“介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句 关系代词在定语从句中作介词宾语时,从句常常由“介词+关系代词”引出。 The school (which / that) he once studied in is very famous. The school in which he once studied is very famous. 他曾经就读过的学校很出名。
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Tomorrow I’ll bring here the magazine (which / that) you asked for.
Tomorrow I’ll bring here the magazine for which you asked. 明天我将把你要的杂志带来。 This is the boy (whom / who / that) I played tennis with yesterday. This is the boy with whom I played tennis with yesterday. 这是我昨天跟他打台球的男孩。
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注意:1. 含有介词的短语动词一般不拆开,介词仍放在短语动词的后面。如:look for, look after, take care of 等。
This is the watch (which / that) I am looking for. (正) 这是我正在找的手表。 This is the watch for which I am looking . (误)
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The babies (whom / who / that) the nurse is looking after are very healthy. (正)
那个保姆照看的小宝宝们都很健康。 The babies after whom the nurse is looking are very healthy. (误)
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2.若介词放在关系代词前,关系代词指人时只可用whom,不可用who, that;关系代词指物时只可用which,不可用that。关系代词是所有格时用whose。
The plane in which we flew to Canada was really comfortable. (正) 我们去加拿大所乘坐的飞机实在很舒服。The plane in that we flew to Canada was really comfortable. (误)
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The man with whom you talked just now is my neighbour. (正)
你刚才跟他谈话的那个人是我的邻居。 The man with that / who you talked just now is my neighbour. (误)
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some, any, none, all, both, neither, many, most, each, few等代词或者数词。
3.“介词+关系代词”前还可有 some, any, none, all, both, neither, many, most, each, few等代词或者数词。 如: He loves his parents deeply, both of whom are very kind to him. 他深深地爱着他的父母,他们俩待他都很好。 In the basket there are quite many apples, some of which have gone bad. 篮子里有好些苹果,有些已经坏了。
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1. when 指时间,在定语从句中作时间状语。 我们团聚的时刻终于到了。
(四)关系副词引导的定语从句 1. when 指时间,在定语从句中作时间状语。 The time when we got together finally arrived. 我们团聚的时刻终于到了。 I still remember the day when I first came to this school. 我仍然记得我第一次来到这所学校的那一天。
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2. where 指地点,在定语从句中作地点状语。
Shanghai is the city where I was born. 上海是我出生的城市。I visited the farm where a lot of cows were raised . 我参观了那个饲养了许多奶牛的农场。 The house where I lived ten years ago has been pulled down. 我十年前住的房子已经被拆掉了。
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3. why 指原因,在定语从句中作原因状语。
Please tell me the reason why you missed the plane. 请告诉我你误机的原因。The reason why he was punished is unknown to us. 他受惩罚的原因我们都不知道。 I don’t know the reason why he looks unhappy today. 我不知道他今天为什么看上去不愉快。
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注意:关系副词引导的定语从句经常可以用“介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句来表示。如:
From the years when / in which he was going to primary school in the country he had known what he wanted to be when he grew up. 自从他在农村读小学时,他就已经知道长大后要做什么。 Great changes are taking place in the city where / in which they live. 他们生活的城市正发生巨大的变化。
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(二)关系代词as和which 引导的定语从句
如: He married her, as / which was natural. 他跟她结婚了,这是很自然的事。 He is honest, as / which we can see. 他很诚实, 这一点我们看得出来。
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2. as 引导的非限制性定语从句可以放在主句之前、主句之后,甚至还可以分割主句。 which 引导的非限制性定语从句只可放在主句之后。另外,as 常常有“正如、正像”的含义。如: As is known to all, China is a developing country. 众所周知,中国是发展中国家。 He is from the south, as we can know from his accent. 他是南方人,这一点我们从他的口音可以知道。 John, as you know, is a famous writer. 正如你所知, 约翰是个著名作家
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注意:当主句和从句之间存在着逻辑上的因果关系时,关系词往往只用which。如:
Tom was late for school again and again, which made his teacher very angry. 汤姆老是迟到,这使得老师很恼火。 These tables are made of metal, which made them very heavy. 这些桌子是金属的,这使得这些桌子很重。
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1. 当先行词受such, the same 修饰时,关系词常用as。 如:
I’ve never heard such stories as he tells. 我从未听过象他讲的这样的故事。 He is not such a fool as he looks. 他可不象他看上去的那样傻。
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(六)定语从句与同位语从句的区别 1.定语从句修饰限定先行词,它与先行词是修饰关系;同位语从句说明先行词的具体内容,它与先行词是同位关系。 The plane that has just taken off is for Paris. (定语从句) 刚刚起飞的那架飞机是开往巴黎的。 The fact that he has already died is quite clear. (同位语从句) 他已经去世了,这个事实很明了。
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2.定语从句由关系代词或关系副词引导,关系词在从句中担当相应的句子成分,关系代词在从句中作宾语时经常可省略。同位语从句主要由连词that 引导,在从句中一般不担当成分;有时也由
where, when, how, who, whether, what 等连词引导,这些连词则在从句中担当成分。 The news that he told me is true. (定语从句) 他告诉我的消息是真的。 The news that he has just died is true. (同位语从句) 他刚刚去世了,这个消息是真的。
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The idea was that we could ask the teacher for advice.
3.同位语从句与先行词一般可以用动词be发展成一个完整的句子, 而定语从句则不能。如: A. The idea that he we could ask the teacher for advice is wonderful. (同位语从句)我们可以向老师请教,这个主意不错。 The idea was that we could ask the teacher for advice.
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B. The fact that the earth moves around the sun is known to all
地球围绕太阳转,这个事实人人皆知。 The fact is that the earth moves around the sun.
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