第一次世界大战百年回望2 费凡 安城文化沙龙 To-do list:

Presentation on theme: "第一次世界大战百年回望2 费凡 安城文化沙龙 To-do list:"— Presentation transcript:

1 第一次世界大战百年回望2 费凡 安城文化沙龙 2014-10-4 To-do list:
1- d a quote. Think of a front-page photo. 2- Give a review of what I went through last time. Key points: WW1 happened 3- Review the intro last time. And remember to cover all those in this talk. 2- think about where/how to start: what will a war do to the society? Home front. Freedom, rationing. what war do to a man? Fulfilling, traumatizing 3- Germany: mention w2的战争罪责问题。Maybe add german’s extraordinary war effort. Squeezed hard. 4- cut galipolti campaign. 5- Britain: add on 英联邦国家的主题意识。 6- review atlantic photos. 7- add more Chinese worker cemetery. 8- edit 大纲。 9- add 总结。

2 (两次总）大纲 一战的规模和死伤人数 一战的爆发 一战的总体走势和重要事件 战争对于后方的影响：以英国和美国为例
一战爆发没有根本原因；直接原因；关键人物：德皇威廉二世 一战的总体走势和重要事件 西线最初的进攻和马恩河战役；坦能堡战役；加里波利战役；凡尔登战 役；索姆河战役；日德兰海战；俄国十月革命；美国参战；1918年西线 最后的疯狂 一战后世界版图的重划 战争对于后方的影响：以英国和美国为例 英美影视和文学艺术作品中的一战 小专题：一战中的华工 核心观点一：一战不是一定要发生的。 核心观点二：武器技术的飞跃+战略战术的过时旷日持久，血流成河，与美国内战的相似之处；寻求完全胜利没有及时停战，与韩战相似。 核心观点三：战争的必然结果是政府膨胀和对自由的侵害。 纪传体。分国家。每个国家先讲政治，在谈风月。

3 Joseph Conrad said, “The belief in a supernatural source of evil is not necessary.  Men alone are quite capable of every wickedness.”

4 一战之后的欧洲版图

5 “Of all the enemies to public liberty war is, perhaps, the most to be dreaded, because it comprises and develops the germ of every other. War is the parent of armies; from these proceed debts and taxes; and armies, and debts, and taxes are the known instruments for bringing the many under the domination of the few. --James Madison

6 一战前后的英国 普选权 (suffrage) 爱尔兰危机 英国政治经济“现代化”改革在两次世界大战期间缓慢进展
Representation of People Act of 1918, all men 21+, all women 30+. Representation of People Act of 1928, all women 21+. 爱尔兰危机 乘人之危 Easter Rising of 1916 1918年征兵危机。爱尔兰内战( )。爱尔兰独立(1921)。 英国政治经济“现代化”改革在两次世界大战期间缓慢进展 Parliament Act of 1911, People’s Budget (1909/10), UK general election, 1945 Growth in public spending in health care and welfare spending in 1920s 两次世界大战期间英国经济和经济政策 英国经济在1920年代持续衰退，失业率高。原因传统产业的竞争力下降， 除造船之外原因不详。 作为债务国坚持金本位，英镑不贬值是大错误。 The danger of “post hoc ergo propter hoc”, especially for Britain, a nation traditionally lacked revolutionary structural change. Suffrage: property qualification. 1969: 18+, responding to US. 1918年征兵危机导致新芬党的胜利.英国改国号。 David Lloyd George + Winston Churchill

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11 一战前后的英国 Why did British monarchy survive?
二十世纪初的王室并非现在一样是花架子。 Edward VII 1903年出访法国，径自签署Entente Cordiale，扭转了英国的孤立。 George V 识时务 与德国划清界限：House of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha House of Windsor 与沙皇划清界限：对尼古拉二世“爱莫能助” 做人民的国王：放下身段，探访民间，握手拍照；注重文宣，满足民众的好奇 心，直播广播讲话。 不干政。只是协调而不做决定，顺应House of Commons的要求。 2012 BBC documentary: King George and Queen Mary: Royals who Rescued the Monarchy. 伟大的国王George VI PR campaign continued in QEII. Royal Family (1969), Monarchy: The Royal Family at Work (2007), BBC programs 继续勤跑基层，削减开支，作风亲民化。 /sakser-kouberg gouthe/

12 一战前后的英国 Why did British monarchy survive?
Look really like N II. Future George VI participated in Jutland

13 一战前后的英国 文化遗产：经典宣传海报 In Flanders Fields: canadaian surgeon in field hospital Puppy: famous in all Commonwealth countries, esp Canada I Vow To Thee My County thatcher葬礼 War secretary Lord Kitchener

14 一战前后的英国 文化遗产 一些宣传海报成为永远的经典 11/11 Armistice Day/Remembrance Day
每人胸前带罂粟花缅怀阵亡将士 为什么罂粟花成为了一战甚至是老兵的象征？ 因为一首加拿大军医写的伟大诗篇 I Vow To Thee My County thatcher葬礼 War secretary Lord Kitchener

15 口吻模拟躺在战场上即将死去的士兵。 百灵鸟。 In Flanders Fields: Canadian surgeon in field hospital Puppy: famous in all Commonwealth countries, esp Canada

16 口吻模拟躺在战场上即将死去的士兵。 百灵鸟。 In Flanders Fields: Canadian surgeon in field hospital Puppy: famous in all Commonwealth countries, esp Canada

17 口吻模拟躺在战场上即将死去的士兵。 百灵鸟。 In Flanders Fields: Canadian surgeon in field hospital Puppy: famous in all Commonwealth countries, esp Canada

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19 一战前后的英国 文化遗产 宣传海报 11/11 Armistice Day/Remembrance Day 罂粟花
John McCrae’s poem “In Flanders Fields” Puppy installation at the London Tower 爱国歌曲 Patriotic hymns I Vow To Thee My County 回环结构，地上的祖国，天上的祖国 Jerusalem I Vow To Thee My County Thatcher funeral Churchill funeral

20 And did those feet in ancient time Walk upon England‘s mountains green: And was the holy Lamb of God, On England’s pleasant pastures seen! And did the Countenance Divine, Shine forth upon our clouded hills? And was Jerusalem builded here, Among these dark Satanic Mills? Bring me my Bow of burning gold; Bring me my Arrows of desire: Bring me my Spear: O clouds unfold! Bring me my Chariot of fire! I will not cease from Mental Fight, Nor shall my Sword sleep in my hand: Till we have built Jerusalem, In England‘s green & pleasant Land. Milton (1804), William Blake No dictionary in this era. countenance divine: holy face. Blake being an illustration artist. Milton: his Divine Comedy. Romantic Era Hate machines and noise and filth. Hate pollution. William Wordsworth

21 And did those feet in ancient time Walk upon England‘s mountains green: And was the holy Lamb of God, On England’s pleasant pastures seen! And did the Countenance Divine, Shine forth upon our clouded hills? And was Jerusalem builded here, Among these dark Satanic Mills? Bring me my Bow of burning gold; Bring me my Arrows of desire: Bring me my Spear: O clouds unfold! Bring me my Chariot of fire! I will not cease from Mental Fight, Nor shall my Sword sleep in my hand: Till we have built Jerusalem, In England‘s green & pleasant Land. Jerusalem (1916), Sir Hubery Parry London Olympics opening ceremony, BBC, starting at about 9:00

22 美国：一战与二战的比较 WWI WWII Length 1917.4.2—1918.11.11 Active: 1918.3—1918.11
— Active: — Total # of Veterans 4,734,991 4.45% of 1920 pop 16,112,566 10.69% of 1950 pop Total # of Military Deaths 116,516 405,399 Size of Military before and after 1916: 174,000 1918: 2,968,000 1940: 458,365 1945: 12,209,238 Total Defense Spending (in billions) 12.808 ( , in 1918$) 193.51 ( , in 1940$) Total Defense Spending, as % of Federal Budget 52.23% (weighted avg, ) 81.14% (weighted avg, ) Total Defense Spending, as % of GDP 7.59% 31.02% Estimated total “economic” cost 46% of 1918 GNP 175% of 1945 GDP Source: US Department of VA, via CNN; eh.net and presenter’s own calculation.

23 一战前后的美国 所有战争的必然结果就是在后方(home front)都有对人民自由(civil liberty)的践踏
对“敌方”和“少数”族裔的歧视：hamburger变身liberty sandwich 言论自由的收窄： Oliver Wendell Holmes Jr. in Schenck v. United States (1919): The most stringent protection of free speech would not protect a man falsely shouting fire in a theater and causing a panic. [...] The question in every case is whether the words used are used in such circumstances and are of such a nature as to create a clear and present danger that they will bring about the substantive evils that Congress has a right to prevent. Holmes, writing for a unanimous Court, ruled that it was a violation of the Espionage Act of 1917 (amended with the Sedition Act of 1918), to distribute flyers opposing the draft during World War I. Holmes argued this abridgment of free speech was permissible because it presented a “clear and present danger” to the government‘s recruitment efforts for the war. 联想二十一世纪的Patriot Act (2001)

24 一战前后的美国 一战之后通过了宪法第十九修正 案(1920)给予妇女普选权 Text:
The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any State on account of sex. Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation。 Elizabeth Stanton and Susan Anthony 简单回顾美国普选的历史，妇女平 权法案

25 一战前后的美国 一战开始了联邦政府膨胀和收入结构的巨大改变 美国1920年代的经济发展 Ratchet theory 个人所得税 1913
IRS (1918) 的建立。联邦政府在二十世纪收入结构的巨大变化 美国1920年代的经济发展 和英国一样实行laissez-faire的经济政策 和英国没有“新的经济增长点”不同，美国蓬勃发展。The Roaring twenties. 工业电气化，汽车，铁路公路，public utility。 美国1920年代的繁荣是不是发战争财？我认为不是的。 美国1920年代的繁荣是不是发战争财？我认为不是的。内向型经济。 statutory rate is only a part of the story: income bracket, deduction, capital gain tax, effective tax rate.

26 美国联邦政府收入构成历史变化

27 美国联邦个人所得税的一些历史变化 Rate: wwi, wwii–huge.
Threshold/avg income: top rate only affected only a tiny % of population. Dan marcin’s paper.

28 美国二十世纪政府支出

29 美国1920年代经济的蓬勃发展

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31 美国一战纪念建筑 Liberty Memorial, Kansas city, MO

32 美国一战纪念建筑 Liberty Memorial, Kansas city, MO

33 美国一战纪念建筑 Indianapolis War Memorial Plaza, Indianapolis, IN

34 美国一战纪念建筑 At Michigan & Michigan of the East

35 一战中的中国 段祺瑞政府几经折腾于1917.8对德宣战。一战中国未动一兵一卒。
英国招募约十四万华工在码头搬货物，挖战壕。约两千人死去， 多为战后滞留期间染 西班牙流感而死。 Chinese Labour Corps Cemeteries administered by CWGC. 四种墓碑： 勇往直前 A noble duty bravely done 鞠躬尽瘁 Faithful unto death 流芳百世 A good reputation endures forever 虽死犹生 Though dead he still liveth 同样，一战印度也没有什么贡献。1 millions served overseas. 74,191。

36 在法国北部加来省的一战华工墓地

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38 一战与文学艺术 A writer’s war Writer Nation Works Author’s war experience
Ernest Hemingway USA A Farewell to Arms Ambulance driver on Italian Front Remarque GER All Quiet on the Western Front Infantry soldier on the Western Front Hasek CZE The Good Soldier Schweik/Schwejk Austrian-Hungarian infantry solider on the Eastern Front, POW J.R.R. Tolkien GBR Lord of the Rings series Soldier on the Western Front, Somme McCrae, MD CAN In Flanders Fields (poem) Surgeon on the Western Front Ford Madox Ford Parade’s End Officer on the Western Front Morpurgo War Horse N/A

39 一战与文学艺术 Movies Movie Year Featuring Based on War Horse 2011
Steve Spielberg (Director) All Quiet on the Western Front 1930 Lewis Milestone (Director) Remarque’s novel on trench warfare on the Western Front. Laurence of Arabia 1962 David Lean (Director) Peter O’Toole T.E. Laurence, Sinai and Palestine Campaign Legends of the Fall 1994 Brad Pitt Western front. Legendary/Fantasy. Merry Christmas 2005 1914 Christmas Truce on the Western Front Out of Africa 1985 Sydney Pollack (Director) Meryl Streep WWI in today’s Kenya+Tanzania. Memoir of a Danish noble.

40 References Besides what has been mentioned in notes and previous slides: The Great War: BBC’s 26-episode documentary series from 1964 The Great War and the Shaping of the 20th Century: PBS’s 8-episode documentary series from 1996 The Western Front: BBC’s 6-episode documentary series from 1998 or 1999