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关联词 Writing.

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Presentation on theme: "关联词 Writing."— Presentation transcript:

1 关联词 Writing

2 英语作文在语气上有“起、承、转、合”之分。“启”就是开头;“承”就是承接;“转”就是转让;“合”就是综合或总结。在专业写作课中对它的要求是十分严格的。每段的开头由表示“启、承、转、合”的字来引导。引言段表示“启”;第一扩展段表示“承”;第二扩展段表示“转”;结尾段表示“合”,因此形成“起--承--转--合”的情形。 有时也有“起--承--承--合”或其它的情形出现,但这些不同的情形只是扩展段“承”、“转”的变化,且“启”与“合”的规律也不是固定不变的。 下面我们为大家精选了一些常用于"起、承、转、合"的词语,通过练习希望学生能掌握这些词语的运用。这样在考试中作文就会流畅、自然。 。

3 一.根据关联词在句中所处的位置,分为以下四类
1.常用于引言段开头的短语 Generally speaking,... 一般说来,…… It goes without saying that... 不用说 It is (quite) clear that... because... 很明显地……因为…… It is often said that... 常常有人说......

4 A proverb says... 有句谚语说:…… As the proverb says... 如谚语所说...... Many people often ask this question:“...?” 许多人常常问这个问题…… 2.常用于第一个扩展段开头的短语 Therefore we should realize that... 因此我们应该了解……

5 We have reason to believe that…
我们有理由相信…… Everybody knows that... 每个人都知道…… It can be easily proved that... 很容易证明…… It is true that... ……是真实的 No one can deny that... 谁也不能否认……

6 One thing which is equally important to the above mentioned is...
跟上述同样重要的一项是…… The chief reason why...is that... 为什么……的主要原因是…… We must recognize that... 我们必须承认…… There is no doubt that… 无疑地…… I am of the opinion that... 我认为……

7 This can be expressed as follows...
可分下列数点:…… To take... for an example... 以……为例, (Now that) We know that... (既然)我们知道...... What is more serious is that... 更重要的是……

8 3.常用于第二个扩展开头的词或短语(语气与第一个扩展段不同或相反)
Others may find this to be true,... 在别人看来可能是对的,…… There is a certain amount of truth in this. 这在大体上是对的。 Another special consideration in this case is that... 对这个问题时另一考虑是...... But I don’t. I believe that...

9 但我个人并不这么认为。我认为……, Though we are in basic agreement with... 虽然基本上我们同意…… What seems to be the trouble is... 似乎困难是在…… Yet differences will be found, that's... 然而其中仍有不同的地方,…… Why I feel that... 这也是我为什么认为…… On the other hand... 另一方面,

10 Perhaps you will question why...
也许你会问为什么…… Besides, we should not neglect that... 除此以外,我们更不能忽视…… But it is a pity that... 但是有点可惜的是…… But the Problem is not so simple.Therefore,.. 然而问题并非如此简单。因此,…… However,... 然而,无论如何……

11 But we still have a problem with regard to...
不过对于......我们还有一点问题。 So long as you regard this as reasonable,...只要你认为合理,…… 4.可以用于结尾段的短语 The result is dependent on... 结果根据……而定 From this point of view,... 从这个观点来看,……

12   In a word,... 总而言之,…… In conclusion,. 结论是,…… On account of this we can find that... 由此我们可以知道…… Thus,this is the reason why we must... 因此,这就是我们为什么必须…… 二.根据关联词本身在文章中起到的作用,主要分为以下四类

13 1.与“启”有关的常用词语 at present现在 currently目前 first(ly)第一 now 现在 lately 最近 in general 一般来说 at first 最初 to begin with 首先,第一 to start with 首先,第一 in the beginning 起初

14 first of all 首先,第一 in the first place 首先,第一 recently 最近 generally speaking 一般来说 for one thing(for another)首次(其次) 2.有关“承”的常用词语 besides( this) 此外 certainly 无疑地,确实地 so 所以 truly 事实上;具实地

15 on the one hand(on the other hand)一方面(另一方面)
It goes without saying that... 不用说…… of course 当然 incidentally 顺便让我一提 unlike… 不像……;和……不 what is more而且,此外 at any rate 无论如何 second(ly) 第二;第二点 third(ly) 第三;第三点 also/ too 并且;又,也

16 for example 例如 for instance 例如
as an example 例如 as another example 再如 namely 即,就是 then然后 in addition to除…之外 besides(this) 此外 in addition此外 furthermore而且,此外 moreover而且,此外

17 after a while过了一会儿 from now on从此 later后来; such as正如 similarly同样地 what is more而且, for another其次 in other words换句话说 in particular特别,尤其 in the same way同样地 soon不久 consequently结果

18 for the purpose为此 indeed的确 no doubt无疑地 obviously明显地 particularly特别地 still仍然 after that此后 afterwards此后 after a few days几天之后 meanwhile与此同时 at the same time同时

19 by this time此时 in particular特别(地)
in the same manner同样地  3.有关“转”的常用词语(通常用来表示不同或相反的情况) at the same time 同时 by this time此时 especially特别地 fortunately幸运地 in other words换句话说 whereas然而

20 after all毕竟 but但是 on the contrary 相反地 unlike与……不同 on the other hand另一方面 all the same但是 unfortunately不幸地 still仍然 in fact事实上 likewise同样地 anyway无论如何 yet仍;然而

21 however然而 nevertheless尽管如此
although尽管如此 no doubt无疑地 conversely相反地;否则 perhaps或许 in the same way同样地 Luckily幸运地 despite尽管 in spite of尽管 in particular特别地 as a matter of fact事实上

22 4.有关“合”的常用词语 to sum up总而言之 briefly简要地说 above all最重要的是 as a result结果 for this reason所以 hence因此 finally最后 in brief简而言之 in conclusion 总之 in short简而言之

23 by doing so籍此 consequently因此
as has been noted如前所述 as I have said如我所述 at last终于 in summary摘要地说 therefore因此 thus因此 to sum up 总而言之 to conclude总而言之 as a consequence 因此 obviously显然  

24 certainly无疑 on the whole就全体而论;整个看来 at length最后,终于 truly的确 in brief简而言之 in sum,总之;简而言之 to speak frankly坦白地说 eventually最终 accordingly于是 indeed确实 surely无疑 no doubt毫无疑问

25 Thank You


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