韩礼德（M. A. K. Halliday 澳大利亚），伦敦学派的主要代表人物及新弗斯（J. R

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1 韩礼德（M. A. K. Halliday 澳大利亚），伦敦学派的主要代表人物及新弗斯（J. R
韩礼德（M. A. K. Halliday 澳大利亚），伦敦学派的主要代表人物及新弗斯（J. R .Firth）学派的领袖和系统功能语法的创始人。 是从系统和功能角度来分析认识语言的，反对乔姆斯基的纯形式主义的转换生成 语言理论。他认为语法与人类的实践经验有着天然的联系。将语言看作是社会 符号，特别强调语言的符号性，即系统功能语言学强调“机体之间”（inter- organism）的关系；强调语境因素和语义表达的关系，注重语言的意义和功 能；强调语言学应将语篇作为分析的主要对象，而不应当是语言本体及句子及 其结构关系。 提出语言的三大元功能或称纯理功能说：概念功能（ideational function），人 际功能（interpersonal function）和语篇功能（textual function）。 代表作： 《语言功能探索》 （1973） 《语言的系统和功能》（1976） 《作为社会符号的语言》（1978） 《学习做到有所指》 《功能语法导论》本书出版于1985年，英文名《An Introduction to Functional Grammar》，是韩礼德功能语言学理论的重要著作。 《婴幼儿的语言》 《韩礼德语言学文集》

2 第七章 语态的转换 所谓语态转换是指翻译中汉英两种语言之间的主动式 与被动式的互换。 英语使用被动句的原因： 1、强调被动动作； 2、强调动作的承受者； 3、不知道或者无须说出动作的执行者； 4、便于上下文连贯、衔接； 5、为了突出客观性，避免使用人称主语（常见于科技 学术论文中）； 6、为了措辞得当，语气委婉； 7、固定用法的被动句结构。

3 汉语被动句的种类： 1、带被动标记的被动句（被，受，遭受，给，挨，叫，让，加以，予 以，为… …所，被… …所等）； 例如：茅屋为秋风所破。 The thatched house was destroyed by the autumn storm. 这个问题必须在适当的时候以适当的方式予以处理。 The problem must be dealt with by appropriate means at an appropriate time. 她被花言巧语所陶醉了。 She was intoxicated with sweet words. 一些古老的传统和价值观不再为年轻人所珍视。 Some old traditions and values are no longer cherished by youth. 他遭到邻居的嘲笑。 He was laughed at by his neighbors.

4 2、不带被动标记的被动句。 例如：有些问题还需要澄清。 Some questions have yet to be clarified
2、不带被动标记的被动句。 例如：有些问题还需要澄清。 Some questions have yet to be clarified. Some questions need clarifying. 一点儿声音也听不到。 Not a sound was heard. 产量有了很大的提高。 The production has been greatly increased. 诗人是天生的，而演说家则是后天造就的。 Poets are born, but orators are made. 广州的地铁三号线将在明年年底建成。 The construction of Metro Line 3 in Guangzhou will be completed by the end of next year. 每年十月，杭州的西湖都要举行国际马拉松赛。 An International Marathon Championship Race is held around the West Lake in Hangzhou in October every year.

5 1、明年将出版更多的书籍。 A greater number of new books will be published next year. 2、人的思想形成了语言，而语言又影响了人的思想。 Language is shaped by, and shapes, human thought. 3、艾滋病毒只能通过血液传播或其他体液传播。 The AIDS virus is only transmitted by blood and other body fluids. 4、基本建设速度加快，投资环境不断完善。 The capital construction has been accelerated and the environment for investment has been continuously improved. 5、在教堂里，人们不仅要有礼貌，而且应该有一种虔诚的态度。 Not only politeness but an attitude of reverence is demanded in church.

6 6、困难克服了，工作完成了，问题也解决了。 The difficulties have been overcome, the work has been finished and the problems have been solved. 7、必须维护生态环境平衡。 The ecological environment should be kept in balance. 8、来宾请出示入场券。 Visitors are requested to show their tickets. 9、他出现在台上，观众给予热烈鼓掌。 He appeared on the stage and was warmly applauded by the audience. 10、朽木不可雕也，粪土之墙不可圬也。 Rotten wood cannot be carved, nor a wall of dried dung be troweled. 11、“财神爷”这个词，不是我的用语，是农民发明的。 That term “God of Wealth” was invented not by me but by the farmers.

7 12、这个项目提前完工了。 The project was completed ahead of schedule
12、这个项目提前完工了。 The project was completed ahead of schedule. 13、他们明年在这里要修建一座住宅楼，就修在办公楼旁边。 They are going to build an apartment house here next year. It is going to be built beside the Office Building. 14、不控制连锁反应，就会引起大爆炸。 If the chain reaction is not controlled, a big explosion will be caused. 15、任何国家的主权都是不容侵犯的。 The sovereignty of any country must be respected. 16、对违法者要严惩不殆。 Those who break the laws will be definitely punished.

8 17、通过特殊设计装置使发动机更有效地燃烧燃料，可以降低发动机 一氧化碳的排放量。 The amount of carbon monoxide that an engine gives off can be reduced by special devices designed to make the engine burn the fuel more efficiently. 18、必须指出，经济发展要以保护环境为前提。 It must be pointed that economic development has to be based on environmental protection. 19、大家都知道，电子是极为微小的负电荷。 Electrons are known to be minute negative charges of electricity. It is known that…. 20、现在不采取行动，鼓励研究和技术投资，新世纪将面临科学家的 锐减。 The new millennium will see a steep drop in the number of scientists unless moves are made now to encourage greater investment in research and technology.

9 21、敬请告知汇款的详细地址。 Your information as to your detailed address for remittance would be appreciated. 22、子曰：“不患人之不知己，患不知人也。” The Master said, “I will not be afflicted at men’s not knowing me, I will be afflicted that I do not know men.” 23、子曰：“工欲善其事，必先利其器。” The Master said, “The mechanic, who wishes to do his work well, must first sharpen his tools.” 24、得道者多助，失道者寡助。 He who finds the proper course has many to assist him. He who loses the proper course has few to assist him.

10 25、狡兔死，走狗烹；飞鸟尽，良弓藏；敌国破，谋臣亡。 When the cunning hares are killed, the good hound is thrown into the cauldron大锅炉; when the soaring birds have been caught, the good bow is put away; when the enemy states are overthrown, the wise minister is killed. 26、鼎湖山整个地区为热带，亚热带森林所覆盖，气候独特。 Dinghu Mountain is covered by tropical as well as subtropical forest and has unique climate. 27、如果发生索赔，必须于货到目的地后30天内提出，否则不予 以考虑。 Claim, if any, must be made within 30 days after arrival of the goods at the destination, otherwise, none will be considered. 28、然而，找不到任何迹象表明这些结构之间所存在的关系。 Nowhere, however, are any indications found of those relationships holding between the constructions.

11 29、许多事无法表达只能感受，许多感受只能一个人扛着而无须 与人分享。 Many things are not to be expressed but to be felt, and many feelings are not to be shared but to be kept to oneself. 30、他那饱经风霜的脸，明显地刻着与海洋有着不解之缘的痕迹 ，蕴含着种种不平凡的经历。 His weather-beaten face was markedly engraved with his indissoluble bond with the sea latent with an extraordinary past. His weather-beaten face, markedly engraved with his indissoluble bond with the sea, implies various unordinary experiences. Various unordinary experiences can be seen on his weather-beaten face markedly engraved with his indissoluble bond with the sea.

12 31、请你不要在此处吸烟。 You are not supposed to smoke in here
31、请你不要在此处吸烟。 You are not supposed to smoke in here. 32、可以有把握地说，会议会如期召开。 It may be safely said that the meeting will be held on schedule.

13 金茂大厦引进世界最为先进的智能管理系统进行物业管理。 从自动门管理系统到停车场管理系统，都实行IC卡管理。 管理系统以计算机为核心，以感应式IC卡为信息载体，确 保金茂大厦区内物业管理安全、可靠、快捷、方便，使用 户住得安心，用的放心。 The most advanced intelligent management system is applied at Jin Mao Tower for property management. IC cards are used from the automatic gate system to the parking lot system. The system, with computers as its center and IC cards as the identification information media, ensures a safe, reliable, fast and convenient property management for every resident so that they can be worry-free.

14 小结： 在汉英两种语言中，汉语多用主动语态，英语 多用被动语态。在汉英翻译时，汉语的被动句一般 翻译为英语的被动句。此外，为了使译文符合英语 的表达习惯，有些汉语的主动句还得转译为英语的 被动句。

15 1、一匹马骑两个人。 2、知识分子的问题就是在这样的基础上提出来的。 3、认识有待于深化，认识的感性阶段有待于发展到理性阶段。 4、这种竹席摸起来很光滑。 1、Two persons rode one horse. 2、On such a basis has the question of the intellectuals been raised. 3、Cognition remains to be deepened. The perceptual stage of cognition has to be developed to the rational stage. 4、The bamboo mattress feels smooth.

16 我想，其实谁都想有一个小小花园，这便是我们的 内心世界。人的智力需要开发，人的内心世界也是 需要开发的。人和动物的区别，除了众所周知的诸 多方面，恐怕还在于人的内心世界。心不过是人的 一个重要脏器，而内心世界是一种景观，它是由外 部世界不断地作用于内心渐渐形成的。每个人都无 比关心自己及至亲至爱之人心脏的健损，以至于稍 有微疾便惶惶不可终日。但并非每个人都关注自己 及至亲至爱之人的内心世界的阴晴。

17 I think everyone, in effect, has a small garden or a flower bed of his own, namely, our inner world. There is a need for human beings to tap into their own intelligence, as is the case with their inner world. (Just as there is a need for human beings to tap into their own intelligence, so is the case with their inner world.) What distinguishes between human beings and animals, apart from the various aspects which are universally known, may probably be in that human beings have an inner world. Heart is no more than an important organ whereas the inner world constitutes a landscape, which gradually takes its shape under the continuous influence from the outside world. So great is the importance that everyone attaches to the physical condition of his own heart or those of his closest and dearest ones, that merely a minor disease would enduringly weigh on his mind. It is not necessarily the case, however, that everyone would attend to the state of his own inner world and that of his loved （beloved) ones.