第十一章 复合句 复合句是由两个或两个以上的简单句构成的句子。 复合句又分为并列复合句和主从复合句。用并列连 词连接起来的两个或两个以上的简单句叫做并列复 合句，由一个主句和一个或一个以上的从句构成的 句子叫主从复合句，其中一个是句子的主体，称为 主句，其余的主谓结构只充当句子的某一成分，称 为从句。

一、并列复合句 并列复合句根据分句之间所用连词的不同分 为：联合并列句、转折并列句、选择并列句 和因果并列句。 1 ．联合并列句用连词： and I am a teacher and he is a doctor. Study hard, and you will pass the exam.=== If you study hard, you will pass the exam

2. 转折并列句用连词： but, yet,while,however (1).but He tried hard but he was unsuccessful. The car is very old but it runs very fast. (2)yet 可是 The car was old, yet it was in excellent condition. (3).However=but 然而、但是 ( 可位于句首, 句中或句 末 ) He worked hard,however,he failed. （ however 常 与逗号连用） however 与 but 的区别在于 however 常与 “ ， ” 连用。 (4)while He is short while his brother is tall.

3. 选择并列句用连词： or 或者, 否则 He speaks French,or perhaps he understands it. Hurry up or you will be late. 4. 因果并列句用连词： for, so (1). for 因为 You'd better put on your sweater, for it's rather cold outside. (2). so 所以 It was late,so I went home. He is ill so he can ’ t go to school today.

1. Go along the road, _______ you'll find the market at the end of it. A. when B. and C. or D. though 2. When you're learning a foreign language, use it, ______ you will lose it. A. but B. or C. then D. and 3. We're going to the bookstore in John's car. You can come with us____ you can meet us there later. A. butB. and C. or D. then 4.― Would you like to come to the dinner party here on Saturday? ― Thank you. I'd love to, ______ I'll be out of town at the weekend. A. because B. andC. so D. but 5.He work hard,___________, he failed. A. so B. or C. yet D.however B B C D D

6.I thought he hated the TV.You are right,____ he still watches the program. A. yet B. besides C. also D. then 7. – - I wonder how much you charge for your services. --- The first two are free the third costs $30. A. while B. until C. when D. before 8. The shop doesn ’ t open until 11 a.m., _______ it loses a lot of business. A. for B. or C. but D. so 9. I can't use your pen, ___ there is no ink in it. A. for B. when C. if D. whether A A D A

10. I had just stepped out of the bathroom and was busy drying myself with a towel ___I heard the steps. A. while B. when C. since D. after B

二、主从复合句 主从复合句根据从句在复合句中充当的成分不 同，可以分为主语从句、表语从句、状语从 句、宾语从句、定语从句等。 1. 主语从句 What he said just now made his mother very angry. It ’ s true that suitable uniforms can show good discipline. 2. 表语从句 The problem is how can we find him.

1.____ he will come or not is still unknown. A. If B. Where C. That D. Whether 2. ___ he did it remains a secret. A. What B. Whom C. Which D. How 3. It is quite clear ____ he won't see us. A. what B. that C. why D. how 4. That is not ____ I want. A. that B. why C. what D. whose 5. The trouble is ____ we can not find such an expert. A. why B. that C. where D. / D D B C B

3. 状语从句 用来修饰主句中的动词，副词和形容词的从句叫状语 从句。根据其含义状语从句可分为时间状语从句，地 点状语从句，条件状语从句， 原因状语从句，结果 状语从句，比较状语从句，目的状语从句，让步状语 从句。 时间状语从句 (1) 时间状语从句常用 when, as, while, before, after, since, till, until, as soon as,once 等连词来引导。 It was raining hard when I got to school yesterday. While he was doing his homework, the telephone rang. As he walked along the lake, he sang happily.

He had learned a little Chinese before he came to China. After he finished middle school, he went to work in a factory. Mr White has been here since he came back. Once you start,you will never give up. (2) 在时间状语从句里，通常不用将来时态，用现在 时态表示将来的动作或状态。 I ’ ll ring you up as soon as I get to New York. I will tell him everything when he comes back. He won ’ t believe it until he sees it with his own eyes.

(3) 在带有 till 或 until 引导的时间状语从句的主从复合 句里，如果主句用肯定式，其含义是 “ 一直到 …… 时 ” ，主句的谓语动词只能用延续性动词。如果主句 用否定式，其含义是 “ 直到 …… 才 ……”, “ 在 …… 以前 不 ……”, 主句的谓语动词可用瞬间动词。 Let ’ s wait until the rain stops. We won ’ t start until Bob comes. Don ’ t get off until the bus stops. 注意 :Until\ till 可互换，但位于句首只能用 until 。 Until the concert had began,he didn ’ t appear.= he didn ’ t appear until\till the concert had began.

(4 ） when ， while 和 as 都可表示 " 当 …… 时候 ", 但用法 有区别 : 1) when 意为 “ 在 …… 时 ; 当 …… 时 ”, 可表示 “ 点时间 ” 或 “ 段时间 ”, 从句谓语可以是终止性动词, 也可以是延续 性动词。 When I got home, he was having supper. When you are crossing the street, you must be careful. 2) as 意为 “ 边 …… 边 ……” 或 “ 与 …… 同时 ”, 重在表示两 个动作同时发生。伴随进行。 as 从句是终止性动词 时, 主句通常也必须是终止性动词。 They sang as they danced. As I left home,I forgot the key. As time went by,she became more and more worried.

3) while 只可表示 " 段时间 ", 从句谓语只限于延 续性动词。 While I was sleeping, my father came in. (4)when 也可作并列连词，表示一个动作正在 进行的时候，突然发生了另外一个动作。 I was fishing by the river when someone called for help. (5)while 也可作并列连词，表示两者之间的对 比. I like listening to music,while my brother likes doing sports.

条件状语从句 (1) 条件状语从句通常由 if, unless, as/so long as 引导。 What shall we do if it snows tomorrow? Don ’ t leave the building unless I tell you to. You will certainly succeed so long as you keep on trying. (2) 在条件状语从句里，谓语动词通常用现在时态表示将来的动 作或状态。 I ’ ll help you with your English if I am free tomorrow. He won ’ t be late unless he is ill. (3) “ 祈使句 + and (or)+ 陈述句 ” 在意思上相当于一个带有条件状 语从句的复合句。 Hurry up, or you ’ ll be late.=If you don ’ t hurry up, you ’ ll be late. Study hard and you will pass the exam.=If you study hard, you will pass the exam.

原因状语从句 (1) 原因状语从句通常由 because, since, as 引导。 He didn ’ t come to school because he was ill. As it is raining, we shall not go the zoo. Since you can ’ t answer the question, I ’ ll ask someone else.

(2)because 表示直接原因，语气最强。 because 引导的原因状语从句多放在主句之后。如果原 因已为人们所知, 或不如句子的其余部分重要, 就用 as 或 since 、 since 比 as 稍微正式一些。 as 和 since 引导的从句一般放在句子的开头。 for 表示所说的理由是一种补充说明, 因此,for 引导 的从句可以放在括号里, 而 且 for 引导的从句一 般不放在句子的开头。 I decided to stop and have lunch, for I was feeling quite hungry. (3)because 和 so 不能同用在一个句子里。

结果状语从句 (1) 结果状语从句由 so … that, such … that, so that 引 导。 He is so poor that he can ’ t buy a bike for his son. She is such a good teacher that everybody likes her. My pencil fell under the desk, so that I couldn ’ t see it. (2)so … that 语 such...that 可以互换。 〈 1 〉在由 so...that 引导的结果状语从句中， so 是副词， 与形容词副词连用。其结构是 : “ so + 形容词（副词） + that + 从句 ” 。 He was so glad that he couldn ’ t say a word. The hall is so big that it can hold 2,000 people. Mother lives so far away that we hardly ever see her.

〈 2 〉在由 such … that 引导的结果状语从句 中， such 是形容词，它修饰的可以是单数或 复数可数名词，也可以是不可数名词；名词 前面可以带形容词，也可不带。如果是单数 可数名词，前面需加不定冠词 a 或 an 。 It was such a hot day that nobody wanted to do anything. He had such long arms that he could almost touch the ceiling. He made such rapid progress that he did very well in the mid-term.

〈 3 〉有时上述两种结构是可以互换的。 It was such a wonderful film that all of us wanted to see it again. =The film was so wonderful that all of us wanted to see it again. It is such an important match that nobody wants to miss it. =The match is so important that nobody wants to miss it. =It is so wonderful a film that all of us wanted to see it again.

(3) 如果名词前由 many, much, little, few 等词修饰表示 数量时，只能用 so, 不用 such 。 Soon there were so many deer that they ate up all the wild roses. He has so little time that he can ’ t go to the cinema with you. (4) so...that 结构在某种情况下可以与 enough to 和 too...to 结构相互转换。 She is so short that she can't reach the buttons of the lift. ==She is too short to reach the buttons of the lift. The box is so light that he can carry it.=== The box is light enough for him to carry.

(5)so that 也可引导目的状语从句, 此时可用 to 或 in order to 替换, 将其改为简单句。 He got up early so that he could get to school on time. ==He got up early to get to school on time. ==In order to get to school on time,he got up early

比较状语从句 (1). than He works harder than before. (2). as...as not as\so … as His elder sister is as tall as his mother. (3).less … than This problem is less difficult than that one. (4) the + 比较级, the + 比较级 The more you exercise, the healthier you will be.

目的状语从句 (1) 目的状语从句通常由 so that, in order that 引导。 We started early so that we could catch the first train. We used the computer in order that we might save time. (2)so that 既可引导目的状语从句，又可引导结果状语 从句。区别这两种从句的办法有两个： 1) 目的状语从句里往往带有情态动词 can, could, may, might 等。 2) 从意思上看，目的状语从句往往表示的目的很明确。 Speak clearly so that they may understand you. ( 目的状语从句 ) Jack is badly ill so that he has to rest. ( 结果状语从句 )

让步状语从句 (1) 由 although, though 引导。 Though he is young, he knows a lot. Although I am tired, I must go on working. (2)although(though) 不能与 but 连用但可以用 yet,still 。 Though it was raining hard, but he still went out. （错误） Though it was raining hard, he still went out. It was raining hard, but he still went out.

(3)even if, even though We ’ ll make a trip even though\if the weather was bad. (4) whatever, whoever, wherever, when ever, however, whichever =no matter +wh- 词。

No matter what\whatever happens,he will help you. No matter how cold it is,she always goes swimming. Whoever you are,you must keep the law. However early I arrived,I was unable to see him. I ’ ll go with you wherever you go.= I ’ ll go with you no matter where you go. You will be warmly welcomed whenever you come.

地点状语从句 地点状语从句常常由 where 来引导。 Go where you like. Please go back where you come from 方式状语从句 (1).as “ 像 …… 那样 ” “ 按照 ” The old couple treated her as she was their own daughter. You should do as the teacher tells you. (2).as if\though “ 似乎, 好象 ” She behaved as if she were the boss. Mary looks as if\as though she is ill.

状语从句练习 适当的连词填空 1.It was raining hard I got to school yesterday. 2. he was doing his homework, the telephone rang. 3. he walked along the lake, he sang happily. 4. _____ the day went on, the weather got worse. 5.He had learned a little Chinese he came to China 6. It is a long time we met last time in Shanghai. 7.I ’ ll ring you up I get to New York. when\while While As before after as soon as

7.He won ’ t believe it he sees it with his own eyes. 8. I haven't heard from him he went to America. 9. you start,you will never give up. 10.You will certainly succeed you keep on trying 11. You will be late you leave immediately. 12. We can get there on time the car doesn ’ t break down. until since Once if unless as long as

13. Betty didn't go to see the film yesterday she was ill. 14. everyone is here,let ’ s start. 15. it is raining, we shall not go the zoo. 16.Suzhou is not beautiful ____ Hangzhou. 17. Iron is more useful any other metal. 18. The dictionary is expensive I can't afford it. 19. I got there late I didn't see him. 20. He has an interesting book we want to read it. because Since As as\soas than so that sothat suchthat

21.He had long arms he could almost touch the ceiling. 22.He made rapid progress he did very well in the mid-term 23.It is wonderful a film all of us wanted to see it again 24. Mary had much work to do that she stayed at her office all day. 25.My pencil fell under the desk, I couldn ’ t see it. 26. Please answer the question in a loud enough voice all the class may hear. 27. she is very old, she can still work eight hours a day. suchthat suchthat sothat so so that so that\in order that Though\Although

28.I ’ ll help you I don ’ t slee for a night. 29. will do the experiment comes to the professor's office. 30. You ’ d better do you are required. 31. He speaks English ______ he were an Englishman. 32.When you read the book, you ’ d better make a mark you have any questions. even if\even though Whoever\No matter who as as if where

二、选择填空 33. In the exam, the _______ you are, the _______ mistakes you will make A. careful; little B. more careful; fewest C. more careful; fewer D. more careful; less 34. These planes can fly than the old ones. A.as fast three times B.three times as fast C.three times fast D.three times faster 35. ___ he is very young, ____ he knows several languages A.Though; but B. Because; so C. Though; / D. Because; / 36. It is ______ that we ’ d like to go out for a walk. A. a lovely day B. too lovely a day C. so lovely a day D. such lovely a day C D C C

37. Tom will call me as soon as he ___ Shanghai. A. arrives B. will reach C. arrives in D. get to 38.We ___ TV when the telephone ____. A. watched; was ringing B. were watching; rang C. watch; rings D. are watching; rang 39 ． I don ’ t know when he ____ ． When he_____ ， I ’ ll tell you ． A ． will come ； comes B ． comes ； comes C ． will come ； wil come D ． comes ； will come Do you know if he ______ to play basketball with us? ---I think he will come if he ______ free tomorrow. A. comes; is B. comes; will be C. will come; is D. will come; will be C B A C

4. 宾语从句 在句子起宾语作用的从句称为宾语从句。宾 语从句可分为三类：动词的宾语从句、介词 的宾语从句和形容词的宾语从句。 Do you think that it will rain ？ I ’ m thinking of whether we should go fishing. I ’ m afraid that you can ’ t take photos here.

根据引导词的不同，宾语从句又可分为：以从属连词 that 引导的宾语从句，从属连词 if 或 whether 引导的 宾语从句，以疑问代词或疑问副词引导的宾语从句。 (1)that 引导的宾语从句 当宾语从句由陈述句变化而来时，用 that 来引导从句， that 常无具体意义，不在从句中作任何成分，一般 可省略。 Lin Tao thought （ that ） the TV play was very boring. 注意 : 不能省略 that 的情况 从句的主语是 that\this 时, that 不能省略 He says that that is a real king ’ s hat. He said that this was not his book,but his sister ’ s.

若出现两个或两个以上的 that 引导的宾语从句, 且 由并列连词连接时, 只有第一个连词 that 可以省略, 其 余并列宾语从句中的都要保留. She said (that)she would come and that she would also bring her son. 若 that 从句中又有从句时, that 不能省略。 I ’ m afraid that if you ’ ve lost it,you must pay for it. 主从句之间有插入语时, that 不能省略。 It says here,on this card,that it was used in play. 当 it 作形式宾语代替 that 引导的宾语从句时, that 不能省略。 We have made it clear that we will learn to deal with various difficult problems.

(2). 以 if 或 whether 引导的宾语从句。 David asked his mother if/ whether she liked the dinner last night. I don ’ t know if/ whether it is going to rain 注意 : 以下情况只能用 whether 不能用 if 接带 to 的不定式时。 She hasn ’ t decided whether to go or not? 引导介词的宾语从句时。 I ’ m thinking of whether we should go fishing. 与 or not 连用时。 I don ’ t know whether or not they will come to help us.

在 discuss 动词后面的宾语从句时。 We are discussing whether we will have a spots meeting next week. 宾语从句提前时。 Whether this is true or not,I can ’ t say.

(3). 由连接代词（ who,whose,what,which ）或连接副 词（ when,where,why,how ）引导的宾语从句。 Do you know who will come this afternoon? I don ’ t know whose that is. Do you know what we can do on the island ？ Could you tell me which gate we have to go to. We didn ’ t know when she would come back. I don ’ t know why Jane was late for school this morning. Can you tell me how I get to the post office? Do you know who\whom he is talking with? Do you know with whom he is talking? 注意： whom 只做宾语， who 可做主语、宾语、表语。 如果 who 、 whom 在从句中充当介词宾语，当介词置 于从句句首时，只能用 whom 。

(4). 宾语从句的注意事项 宾语从句要用陈述句语序。 When did he leave ？ I want to know. → I want to know when he left. Does the shop close at six every day ？ Do you know ？ → Do you know if/ whether the shop closes at six every day ？

宾语从句的时态 1>. 如果主句是一般现在时、一般将来时或祈使句时， 宾语从句可根据情况使用各种时态。 I hear she is here today （ she was here yesterday/ she will be here tomorrow. ） 2>. 如果主句是一般过去时，宾语从句应使用过去时态 的某种形式。 He said he was watching TV （ he had swept the floor/ he would play football after school. ） 3>. 如宾语从句所叙述的是客观事实、自然现象或科学 真理等，从句不受主句时态限制，仍用一般现在时。 Our teacher told us that light travels faster than sound.

(3) 宾语从句的否定转移 当主句的谓语动词为 think,believe,suppose,imagine,expect,gue ss 等动词，且主语为第一人称时，从句的否 定要转移到主句上。 I don ’ t believe he is here on time. I don ’ t think Tom is the best student in his class.

练习 一、用适当的连词填空 1.He said there will be a meeting this evening. 2.We think it wrong he told a lie to everyone. 3.I don ’ t know he will come tomorrow. 4.Everything depends on we have enough money. 5.I don ’ t know the movie star will come or not. 6. to go there or not hasn ’ t been decided. 7. No one can tell will happen next. 8. I hardly understand he has told me. 9. I wondered our teacher did that for. 10. She asked me I thought of the radio. that if\whether whether Whether what

11.Do you know film they are talking about? 12.He asked me told me the accident. 13. A: Could you tell me she is looking for? B: Her cousin, Susan. 14. I don ’ t know Jane was late for school this morning. 15. – Do you remember he came? -Yes, I do, he came by car. 16.I don ’ t know he lives. 17. I don ’ t know he will come tomorrow. he comes, I ’ ll tell you. which who who\whom why how where whether\if If

二、选择题 1.---Do you know ___he could pass the exam? ---Sorry, I ’ ve no idea. A that B whether C what D which 2. Can you tell me which room _____? A. does he live in B. does he lives C. he lives in D. he lives 3. Would you please tell me ______ with Peter? He looks unhappy. A. what ’ s the matter B. what wrong is C. the wrong is what D. what wrong it was 4. Do you know what time _________? A. the train leave B. does the train leave C. will the train leave D. the train leaves B C A D

5.He asked _______for the violin. A. did I play how much B. I paid how much C. how much did I pay D. how much I paid 6 Did you know ____? A. who he was looking after B. who was he looking for C. who he is looking for D. who he is looking after 7.The reporter said that the UFO______ east to west when he saw it. A. was traveling B. traveled C. had been traveling D. was to travel 8.He told me that he ___ a cold for three days. A has B had caught C had had D has had D A A D

9.What did your son say in the letter? He told me that he___ the Disney the next day A.will visit B. has visited C. is going to visit D. would visit 10.Tom was disappointed that most of the guests ____when he ____at the party. A. left; had arrived B. left; arrived C. had left; had arrived D. had left; arrived 11.I knew that the sun ___ in the east when I was very young. A will rise B rose C rise D rises 12.They have no idea at all______. A. where he has gone B. where did he go C. which place has he gone D. where has he gone D D D A

13. Miss Li wants to know _____ next week. A.when my uncle leaves B. when will my uncle leave C. where my uncle will stay D. where does my uncle stay 14. She didn't know___ back soon. A. whether he would be B. if would he be C. he will be 15. Could you tell me ____ the radio without any help? A. how did he mend B. what did he mend C. how he mended D. what he mended 16. – --Excuse me, where _____? Do you know? ---Yes. I know where _____? A. Jim lives; he lives B. does Jim live; do he live C. Jim lives; does he live D. does Jim live; he lives C A C D

三、按要求完成句子： 1. He won ’ t come. I think. ( 变为宾从 ) I ______ think he ______ come. 2. “ Do you wash your clothes yourself? ” Tom asked the girl next to him.( 改为宾从 ) Tom asked the girl next to him ______ ______ her clothes herself. 3. Did Peter come here yesterday? Li Lei wants to know. ( 改为宾从 ) Li Lei wants to know Peter ______ here yesterday. 4.Does Mr. Brown enjoy living in China? Could you tell us? （改写句子） Could you tell us _________ Mr. Brown _________ living in China? 5. “ Where does he live? ” Mr Hu asked.( 改为复合句 ) Mr Hu asked where _______ _______. don ’ twill if\whether she washed if\whether came if\whetherenjoys helived

6. Please tell me where we show our tickets. ( 改为简单句，保持原意 ) Please tell me ______ ______ show our tickets. 7. Can you tell me how I can get to the post office? ( 改为简单句，保持原意 ) Can you tell me how______ _____ to the post office? 8. The earth moves around the sun. The teacher said. ( 改为宾语从句 ) The teacher said ______ the earth ______ around the sun. 9. What is he doing there? Mother didn't know. ( 改为含有宾语从句的复合句 ) Mother didn't know what _____ ______doing there. 10.Whose children is the old woman looking after? Did you find out? （改为含有宾从的复合句） Did you find out whose children the old woman ___ ___ after? whereto get thatmoves he was l ooking

5. 定语从句 (1) 定语从句的概念 在复合句中，修饰某一名词或代词的从句叫 定语从句。被修饰的名词或代词叫先行词， 定语从句一般放在先行词的后面。 (2) 定语从句的关系词 引导定语从句的关系词有关系代词和关系副 词，常见的关系代词有 that ， which ， who, whom ， whose ，关系副词有 where ， when ， why 。关系代词和关系副词放在先行词及定 语从句之间起连接作用，同时又作定语从句 的重要成分。

(3) 定语从句的分类 根据定语从句与先行词的关系，定语从句可分为 限制性定语从句及非限制性定语从句。限制性定 语从句紧跟先行词，主句与从句不用逗号分开， 从句不可省去，非限制性定语从句主句与从句之 间有逗号分开，起补充说明作用，如省去，意思 仍完整。 She has found the necklace (that) she lost two weeks ago. The girl who often helps me with my English is from England. Tom came back ， which made us happy. The meeting, which was held in our shool, was a gtear success.

(4) 关系代词的用法 that 既可以用于指人，也可以用于指物。在从句中 作主语或宾语，作主语时不可省略，作宾语可省略。 Mary likes music that is quiet and gentle. （ that 作 主语） The coat (that) I put on the desk is blue. （ that 作 宾语） which 用于指物，在句中作主语或宾语，作主语不 可省略，作宾语可省略。 The building which stands near the train station is a supermarket. （作主语） The film (which) we saw last night was wonderful. （作宾语）

who ， whom 用于指人， who 用作主语， whom 用作宾语。在口语中，有时可用 who 代 替 whom ，也可省略。 The girl who often helps me with my English is from England. （作主语） Do you know the teacher who\whomLi Ming is talking with ？（作宾语） whose 既可以用于指人，也可以用于指物。 在从句中作定语. Do you know the girl whose French is excellent? Please pass me the book whose cover is green.

(5) 关系副词的用法 when 指时间，其先行词表示时间，在句中作时间状 语。 I still remember the day when I met him. This was the time when he arrived. where 指地点，其先行词表示地点，在句中作地点 状语。 This is the place where he works. Have you ever returned to the school where you studied? why 指原因，其先行词只要 reason 一词，起原因状 语作用。 Nobody knows the reason why he is often late for school.

注意： （ 1 ）当定语从句中含有介词，介词放在句末时， who ， which 可省略，但介词在关系代词前时，只能用 “ 介词 +which/whom ” 结构。 This is the house in which we lived last year. The athlete to whom you talked is a famous runner. （ 2 ）含有介词的固定动词词组中，介词不可前置，只 能放在原来的位置上。 This is the person whom you are looking for. （ 3 ） that 作介词的宾语时，不能省略。而且介词不能 放它的前面，只能放在从句中动词的后面 The city that she lives in is very far away.

（ 4 ）关系词只能用 that 的情况： a. 先行词被序数词或形容词最高级所修饰时，只能用 that. He was the first person that passed the exam. That ’ s the most expensive hotel that we ’ ve ever stayed in. b. 先行词被 very, just,all,no,little,few,some,any,much, the only, the very ， the same ， the last ， one of, 等词修饰时，只能用 that. This is the same bike that I lost. Music is the only thing that interests me. I want to read all the books that were written by Lu Xun.

c. 先行词里同时含有人或物时，只能用 that. I can remember well the persons and some pictures that I saw in the room. e. 以 who 或 which 引导的特殊疑问句，为避免重复，只 能用 that. Who is the girl that is crying ？ d. 被修饰的先行词为 all ， little, much ， none ， everything ， anything ， nothing, 等指物的不定代 词时，只能用 that ，而不用 which. Is there anything (that ) you want to buy in the shop ？ He did everything (that) he could to help us. f. 主句是 there be 结构，先行词指物时只用 that ，而 不用 which. There is a book on the desk that belongs to Tom.

（ 5 ）关系词只能用 which 的情况： a. 先行词为 that ， those 时，用 which ， 而不用 that. What ’ s that which is under the desk ？ 在桌子底下 的那些东西是什么？ b. 指物的关系代词前有介词时，只能用 which. This is the room in which he lives. c. 引导非限制性定语从句，先行词指物只能用 which. Tom came back, which made us happy. ( 引导非限制性定语从句的可代表先行词或前句, 译成 这一点, 这件事 ”. The meeting, which was held in our shool, was a great success.

(6) 关系词只能用 who 的情况： a. 先行词如是指人的不定代词 one,anyone,no one,all,nobody,anybody,none,those 等只能用 who. Those who have good manners will be respected. Anyone who does that must be mad. b. 主句是 there be 结构，先行词指人时只用 who There is a young man who wants to see you. b. 当先行词指人并含有较长的后置定语或在被分割的 定语从句中时. The boy was crying hard who lost his way while looking for his mother. I met a friend of mine in the park yesterday who had three gold medls in the Asian games.

( 6) 定语从句中的主谓一致 定语从句中的动词在人称和数方面应该与它 的先行词保持一致。 “ one of + 复数名词 ” 作 先行词，谓语动词用复数形式， “ the （ only ） one of ， the very\right+ 复数名词 ” 作先行 词, 谓语动词用单数形式. Anyone who has questions to ask, please come to my office this afternoon. He is one of the students who have made great progress. He is the only one of those workers who is able to do this job.

(7) 、定语从句中的时态 定语从句中的时态一般不受主句影响，主要根 据具体的语境和意义而定。 The professor who visited our school yesterday is from Canada. The professor who is visiting our school now is from Canada. The professor who will visit our school tomorrow is from Canada.

练习 用适当的关系词填空： 1.The foreigner visited our school yesterday is from Canada. 2.Those dare to break the law will be punished. 3.He was the first person passed the exam. 4.The boy we met yesterdy is Li Ping ’ s younger brother. 5. This is Mr. John for I bought a book yesterday. 6.The fish we bought were not fresh. 7. Do you still remember the place we visited last week? 8.Isaid nothing, made him very angry. 9. Have you ever been to Hangzhou, is famous for the West Lake? 10.This is the school in I used to study. who\that who that who\whom\that whom which\that which

11.What ’ s that was put in the car. 12. This is the way he did it. 13. He lives in the room, the window faces to the south. 14. He lives in the room window faces to the south. 15. This is Mr. John for son I brought a book yesterday. 16. This is the very novel we've talked about so much. 17. Who is the student was late for school today? 18.Is there anything I can do for you. 19.The only thing I want to do is to have a rest. 20.This is the best way can solve the problem. which in which\that of which whose that

21. I'll never forget the last day______ we spent together 22.The film star and her film you have just talked about is really well-known 23. I still remember the night _______I first came to the house. 24. I hope you will find this valley a beautiful place you may spend your weekend. 25. This is the school ______I used to study. 26. He couldn ’ t give the teacher a good reason ______ he was late for school.. that when where why

选择 1.The place interested me most was Jiuzhaigou. A.which B. where C. what D. who 2.I like the second football match _______ was held last week. A. which B. who C. that D. / 3.There is only one thing _______I can do. A. what B. that C. all D. which 4.I have many books, some of __________ are on chemistry. A. them B. that C. which D. those 5.Is that the reason __________ you are in favour of the proposal? A. which B. what C. why D. for that A C B C C

6.May the fourth is the day _____ we Chinese people will never forget. A. which B. when C. on which D. about which 7. We ’ re talking about the piano and the pianist ___ were in the concert we attended last night. A. which B. whom C. who D. that 8. That tree, ________branches are almost bare, is very old. A. whose B. of which C. in which D. on which 9. Is this the factory _______he worked ten years ago? A. that B. where C. which D. the one 10. Is this the factory _______you visited yesterday? A. that B. where C. in which D. the one A D A B A

11. Don ’ t talk about such things of _______you are not sure. A. which B. what C. as D. those 12.The police caught the man stole my handbag. A.he B. whom C.that D.which 13.Mr.Zhang gave the textbook to all the pupils except _ who had already taken them. A. the ones B. ones C. some D. the others 14. Is this factory __________ some foreign friends visited last Friday? A. that B. where C. which D. the one 15. have finished the work can leave. A.Those who B.Anyone C. The one who D.Anyone that A C A D A

16.I don ’ t like __________ you speak to her. A. the way B. the way in that C. the way which D. the way of which 17. I ’ ll tell you _______he told me last week. A. all which B. that C. all that D. which 18.The girl _______an English song in the next room is Tom ’ s sister. A. who is singing B. is singing C. sang D. was singing 19.Those _____not only from books but also through practice will succeed. A. learn B. who C. that learns D. who learn 20.Anyone __________ this opinion may speak out. A. that against B. that against C. who is against D. who are against A C A D C

21.Is there anything _______to you? A. that is belonged B. that belongs C. that belong D. which belongs 22.I, _______your good friend, will try my best to help you out. A. who is B. who am C. that is D. what is 23.The train ______she was travelling was late. A. which B. where C. on which D. in that 24.He has lost the key to the drawer __________ the papers are kept. A. where B. in which C. under which D. which 25.He is a man of great experience, __________ much can be learned. A. who B. that C. from which D. from whom B B C B D

26.The two things ____they felt very proud are Jim ’ s gold watch and Della ’ s hair. A. about which B. of which C. in which D. for which 27.Can you lend me the novel __________last week? A. that you talked B. you talked about it C. which you talked with D. you talked about “ How do you like the book? ” ---- “ It ’ s quite different from __________ I read last month. ” A. that B. which C. the one D. the one what 29.The hotel __________ during our holidays stands by the seaside. A. we stayed at B. where we stayed at C. we stayed D. in that we stayed 30.They were interested __________ you told them. A. in which B. in that C. all that D. in everything B D C A D