隨堂作業 何謂生命條碼 Barcode of Life? 何謂基因 Gene? 「生命條碼 （ Barcode of Life ，簡稱ＢＯＬ） 」是一種 創新、簡便、迅速的鑑識系統，利用基因的片段來標示物 種，有如圖書出版的ＩＳＢＮ全球通用碼一般，讓每個物 種都有獨特的身分證；美國已經開始利用這項工具管理食 用魚類、環境監測、農產品進出口等工作。 參考資料： L=18 L=18 %E6%97%BC%E6%9A%89.pdfhttp:// %E6%97%BC%E6%9A%89.pdf

Cell – Chromosome – Gene – mRNA – Protein mRNA The Central Dogma

The Flow of Genetic Information DNARNAProtein Translation Transcription Reverse Transcription DNA Replication RNA Replication DNA  DNADNA-dependent DNA Polymerase (DNA Replicase) DNA  RNADNA-dependent RNA Polymerase (Transcriptase) RNA  DNARNA-dependent DNA Polymerase (Reverse Transcriptase) RNA  RNARNA-dependent RNA Polymerase (RNA Replicase) DNA 合成酶、轉錄酶、反轉錄酶、 RNA 合成酶 The Central Dogma – 分子生物學的中心教條 :

amino acids anticodon codon gene in DNA (template strand) (a) (b) (c) (d) mRNA (codons) tRNA (anticodons) protein (amino acids) gene From DNA sequence to amino acid sequene:

Chromosome “Painting” and Trisomic 21 Trisomic 21 = Down Syndrome = 唐氏症 Trisomy 21 Incidence of ~ 1/800 Phenotype: Mental retardation Congenital heart disease Premature senility

人類的性別 Sex Determination in Humans 1.Chromosome level: XX  female XY  male 2.Gene level: No Sry  female Sry  male XY A ----B XY B -- --A --Sry XY Female XX male 3. Developmental (Receptor) level 4. Psychological level

你看到了什麼好玩的東西呢？

植物為什麼 要有那麼多顏色？

鳥兒為什麼要有那麼多的顏色？

瞭解遺傳密碼與生命之間的關係

你想摘哪一個果實來吃？

靈長類的親緣關係樹

舊世界猴 新世界猴

Old World Primate 狹鼻猴產於亞洲 大陸與非洲大陸， 因其兩鼻孔相距 較近而得「狹鼻」 之名；又因牠們 的產地，亦有 「舊大陸猴」或 「舊世界猴」之 稱。狹鼻猴包括 長尾猴科、長臂 猿科、猩猩科。 New World Primate 廣鼻猴產於美洲 大陸 ，因其兩 鼻孔相距較 遠 而得「廣鼻」之 名 ；又因牠們 產於美洲 新大 陸，故亦有「新 大陸猴」或「新 世界 猴」之稱。 廣鼻猴包 括狨 科與捲尾猴科。

Vision

Cone and rod cell

Photoreceptor in retina

Structure of photoreceptor

Rhodopsin vs color visual pigment

遺傳密碼與生命的表現

Male Homozygous female Heterzygous female AutosomalX-linked dichromatic trichromatic SWS M-LWS M-LWS a M-LWS b Color visual gene in NWMs

trichromatic AutosomalX-linked sws LWSMWS Color visual gene in OWMs and Human

Color Vision gene in Old World Primate  All Old World primates are trichomacy with three different visual pigment gene, short wave (SW), middle wave (MW) and long wave (LW) gene  The SW opsin is encode by an autosomal gene and the MW(green) and LW(red) opsins by separate genes on X-chromosome  Squence comparison between these two genes in different Old World species indicates that they arose by gene duplication at the base of the Old World lineage ~40 mya  They are organized into a head-to tail tandem array, which is bound on the upstream side by a locus control region (LCR) LCRLW geneMW gene X chromosome

 Most New World primates exhibit a trichromacy that is base on only two opsin gene, an autosomal SW gene, and a polymorphic X-linked M/LW gene with three allelic forms  All males and homozygote females are dichromatic color vision  The heterozygote females are trichromatic color vision  An exception of New World primates has been identified in howler monkey, where separate MW and LW gene are present, thus full trichomacy in both males and females female X Allele AAllele B X Allele A X Y male LCR Color Vision gene in New World Primate

找尋生命的基本單元 遺傳密碼的解讀 DNA 定序 G A T C

幫忙我們解讀與處理遺傳密碼的工具有哪一些？

DNA extraction DNA precipitation

Polymerase Chain Reaction

Agarose Gel Electropheresis Loading DNA sample In agarose gel Stain DNA With EtBr, visualize under UV light Equipment

Sequence Reaction

DNA Sequence Electrophesis

還有多少我們要走的路？ 還有多少我們可以探索的問題？