第 10 章 產品與品牌決策 © 2005 Prentice Hall
基本產品概念 產品是一種商品、服務或是概念 產品種類 可觸摸的特質 不可觸摸的特質 消費者產品 工業用產品 A product’s tangible attributes can be assessed in physical terms such as weight, dimensions, or materials used. Consider, for example, a flat-panel TV with an LCD screen that measures 42 inches across. The unit weighs 100 pounds, is 4 inches thick, and has a tuner capable of receiving high-definition TV signals over the air. These tangible, physical features translate into benefits that enhance the enjoyment of watching prime time TV and movies on DVR’s. © 2005 Prentice Hall
產 品 類 型 顧客定位 願意購買的數量 便利性 偏好 購物設施 特殊性 產 品 類 型 顧客定位 願意購買的數量 便利性 偏好 購物設施 特殊性 A frequently used framework for classifying products distinguishes between consumer and industrial goods. Consumer and industrial goods, in turn, can be further classified on the basis of criteria such as buyer orientation. Buyer orientation is a composite measure of the amount of effort a customer expends, the level of risk associated with a purchase, and buyer involvement in the purchase. The buyer orientation framework includes such categories as convenience, preference, shopping, and specialty goods. © 2005 Prentice Hall
品 牌 在客戶心中品牌是由複雜的印象和多次使用經驗所形成的。 代表每家公司和產品對客戶的一種承諾。 品質的保證。 區分不同公司的產品。 品 牌 在客戶心中品牌是由複雜的印象和多次使用經驗所形成的。 代表每家公司和產品對客戶的一種承諾。 品質的保證。 區分不同公司的產品。 整合關於該品牌的品牌印象。 Customers integrate all their experiences of observing, using, or consuming a product with everything they hear and read about it. The essence of a brand exists in the mind; as such, brands are intangible. However, companies develop logos, distinctive packaging, and other communication devices to provide visual representations of their brands. A logo can take a variety of forms, starting with the brand name itself. © 2005 Prentice Hall
品 牌 This Slide illustrates that information about products and brands comes from a variety of sources and cues, including advertising, publicity, sales personnel, and packaging. Perceptions of service after the sale, price, and distribution are also taken into account. Information about products and brands comes from a variety of sources and cues, including advertising, publicity, sales personnel, and packaging. Perceptions of service after the sale, price, and distribution are also taken into account. © 2005 Prentice Hall
品 牌 對品牌行銷投資的結果會自然增加產品價值。 品牌的價值反應出品牌和消費者之間建立的關係。 © 2005 Prentice Hall
品牌 “我們必須轉移到更有價值的產品上,而且做一切需要的事來改善我們的品牌.” 夏普典子公司總裁 Noboru Fujimoto © 2005 Prentice Hall
地方性的產品和品牌 品牌常侷限在單一市場中銷售。 表現出國內公司的生機。 保護本國產品和品牌以利國際競爭。 Products and brands can be broken down into three different categories. These are local, international and global. The next few slides illustrate the difference between the categories. © 2005 Prentice Hall
國際產品與品牌 只在某些特定區域的市場提供!! © 2005 Prentice Hall
全球產品和品牌 一個全球產品必須在全球市場上滿足顧客想法及需求,一個全球產品必須適用在全世界,包含了每一個不同開發過程的國家。 一個全球品牌在全世界都有相同的名稱以及相似的市場定位,許多公司是非常成功的建立起全球品牌。 © 2005 Prentice Hall
- Alfred Zeien Former Gillette CEO 全球產品和品牌 多國籍企業在不同國家中有著不同的操作方法.全球公司觀看世界如同單一國家一樣,我們知道阿根廷和法國是不同的,但是,我們看待他們的產品是相同的。我們銷售相同的產品,也使用相同的生產方法,我們也有相同的管理。我們甚至用不同的語言來操作相同的廣告,更不說用相同的管理方法。 - Alfred Zeien Former Gillette CEO © 2005 Prentice Hall
品 牌 決 策 組合品牌-當公司發展出產品的區隔認同時,行銷者便可平衡公司的聲譽。 品 牌 決 策 組合品牌-當公司發展出產品的區隔認同時,行銷者便可平衡公司的聲譽。 新力牌隨身聽 聯合品牌-兩個或更多不同公司或產品的品牌再包裝或廣告為其特色。 可口可樂 © 2005 Prentice Hall
品 牌 決 策 此策略的方法,是將品牌的名稱成為一個雨傘一般,當進入新的企業或開發新產品線時需展示新的產品類。 品 牌 決 策 此策略的方法,是將品牌的名稱成為一個雨傘一般,當進入新的企業或開發新產品線時需展示新的產品類。 例如: The Virgin 集團 Virgin 娛樂業 Virgin Mega-stores and MGM Cinemas Virgin 貿易 Virgin 可樂and Virgin 伏特加酒 Virgin 收音機 Virgin 媒介業 Virgin 出版社,Virgin電視機, Virgin 通信網 Virgin 旅館 Virgin 旅遊業 Virgin 大西洋航空, Virgin度假 © 2005 Prentice Hall
全 球 品 牌 發 展 經理人要建立全球品牌,首要考慮是否能配合公司的目標市場。 經理人必須衡量預期的規模經濟是否可以實現。 他們必須了解要成功建立全球品牌的團隊是件困難的工作。 經理人必須了解單一品牌不能適用全部市場。 © 2005 Prentice Hall
全 球 品 牌 發 展 成為全球品牌的領導者!! 全球品牌領導者涵義,就是善用企業組織的過程及文化,合理分配及建立全球品牌資源,以及建立全球綜效,發展全球品牌策略以協調與延伸國家品牌策略。 Companies should place a priority on creating strong brands in all markets through global brand leadership. © 2005 Prentice Hall
全 球 品 牌 發 展 公司要創造以顧客為中心的觀點,一個全球市場必須建立在價值的基礎上。 在跨越國界建立品牌之前,必須要思考有關認知品牌的因素,以及選擇名稱、商標及符號以適應全球化。 公司要建立國內品牌,必須要全盤做市場研究以採取全球化的品牌認知。 發展全公司的溝通系統以提供對不同國家及顧客的行銷資訊。 Both this slide and the next offer 8 suggestions for managers that are seeking to develop global brand leadership. © 2005 Prentice Hall
全 球 品 牌 發 展 跨越市場及產品,公司要發展持續的計劃過程,使得所有經理人在所有的市場中都有一個樣本去遵循。 確保當地品牌的經理人願意接受全球市場的磨鍊,賦予他們特殊的責任去管理品牌。 執行品牌建立的策略。 減少讓客戶感覺複雜混淆的情境。 © 2005 Prentice Hall
馬斯洛需求層級理論 外在和內在尊重 社會 安全 生理 自我實現 The essence of marketing is finding needs and filling them. Maslow’s hierarchy of needs, a staple of sociology and psychology courses, provides a useful framework for understanding how and why local products and brands can be extended beyond home country borders. Maslow hypothesized that people’s desires can be arranged into a hierarchy of five needs.14 As an individual fulfills needs at each level, he or she progresses to higher levels. At the most basic level of human existence, physiological and safety needs must be met. People need food, clothing, and shelter, and a product that meets these basic needs has potential for globalization. Mid-level needs in the hierarchy include self-respect, self-esteem, and the esteem of others. These social needs, which can create a powerful internal motivation driving demand for status-oriented products, cut across the various stages of country development. © 2005 Prentice Hall
來源國成為品牌要素 全球行銷中有一個事實現象,對外國商品的刻版印象態度,這種態度有好有壞。 日本 德國 法國 義大利 One of the facts of life in global marketing is that perceptions about and attitudes toward particular countries often extend to products and brands known to originate in those countries. Such perceptions contribute to the country-of-origin effect; they become part of a brand’s image and contribute to brand equity. This is particularly true for automobiles, electronics, fashion, beer, recorded music, and certain other product categories. Perceptions and attitudes about a product’s origins can be positive or negative. On the positive side, as one marketing expert has pointed out, “‘German’ is synonymous with quality engineering, ‘Italian’ is synonymous with style, and ‘French’ is synonymous with chic.” © 2005 Prentice Hall
產 品 包 裝 包裝是在做產品相關決策時一個不可或缺的要素。對於要飄洋過海一段很長距離,到世界各地銷售的產品來說,包裝是個重要的考慮。 產 品 包 裝 包裝是在做產品相關決策時一個不可或缺的要素。對於要飄洋過海一段很長距離,到世界各地銷售的產品來說,包裝是個重要的考慮。 「環保包裝」在今日是個關鍵議題,包裝設計師一定要注意到環保問題。 包裝同時也具有重要的溝通功能:產品包裝所發揮溝通作用是,提供消費者一個基準來決定是否購買該產品。 In many instances, packaging is an integral element of product-related decisions. Packaging is an important consideration for products that are shipped long distances to markets in all parts of the world. © 2005 Prentice Hall
產 品 標 示 產品標示有可能是設計來吸引注意、支援產品定位。標籤同時也能提供各種產品資訊給消費者。 產 品 標 示 產品標示有可能是設計來吸引注意、支援產品定位。標籤同時也能提供各種產品資訊給消費者。 產品內容的標示需依照國家或地區的規定指示,而各國及地區強制規定列明的標示內容各有不同。 香菸產品上強制規定﹐必須有抽菸影響健康的警告標示。 美國汽車標示法規定,廠商需標名所有轎車、貨車和迷你箱型車的原產地、最後裝配點以及主要組件的國外來源。 從2004年中開始,歐盟要求所有含基因改造作物成分的食品,都要有標示告知。 One hallmark of the modern global marketplace is the abundance of multi-language labeling that appears on many products. In today’s self-service retail environments, product labels may be designed to attract attention, to support a product’s positioning, and to help persuade consumers to buy. © 2005 Prentice Hall
包 裝 的 美 感 全球市場商一定要能了解到視覺美感的重要性。 美感是來自產品、包裝、標籤的顏色或形狀。標籤的複雜性,就會因不同地方而有不同的認知。 Aesthetic elements that are deemed appropriate, attractive, and appealing in one’s home country may be perceived differently elsewhere. In some cases, a standardized color can be used in all countries; examples include the distinctive yellow color on Caterpillar’s earth-moving equipment and its licensed outdoor gear and the red Marlboro chevron. In other instances, color choices should be changed in response to local perceptions. © 2005 Prentice Hall
產 品 保 固 直接保證是以立於文字的方式保證購買者買的是該項產品,或是產品在預估壽命前損壞時可以獲得幫助。 產 品 保 固 直接保證是以立於文字的方式保證購買者買的是該項產品,或是產品在預估壽命前損壞時可以獲得幫助。 產品保固可以當作競爭工具來使公司處於有利的地位。 © 2005 Prentice Hall
延伸、調適與開發: 全球行銷中的策略方案 延伸策略―即要求產品在母國外的市場中,做不同改變。 延伸、調適與開發: 全球行銷中的策略方案 延伸策略―即要求產品在母國外的市場中,做不同改變。 調適策略―為了符合特殊國家的市場,產品的設計、功能、和包裝都必須反映當地的需求。 開發新產品―發展全球市場。 © 2005 Prentice Hall
全球產品計劃:產品策略性替代方案 產品 策略2 產品延伸-溝通調適 策略4 雙重調適 策略3 策略1 產品延伸- 雙重延伸 溝通延伸 相同 不同 策略2 產品延伸-溝通調適 策略4 雙重調適 不同 相同 溝通 策略3 產品延伸- 溝通延伸 策略1 雙重延伸 © 2005 Prentice Hall
如何選擇行銷策略? 究竟在哪一個全球市場﹐應採用何種策略﹐才能達成公司的目標 尋找有關新產品所做決定時,一個最常發生的錯誤就是,管理者對新產品尚未做全面通盤了解之前,就一昧的想加入市場 另一個容易犯的錯誤是,公司管理者在對新產品做出所謂的決策時,都是以自己國家的客戶來做考量,並沒有考慮是否其他國家客戶也適用其決策 © 2005 Prentice Hall
如何選擇行銷策略? 掘洞穴者:發展新產品的主要動機是充 分運用產能。 掘洞穴者:發展新產品的主要動機是充 分運用產能。 天真的國家主義者:公司體認到海外市場的成長機會,也了解因國家文化和市場環境的不同,因此產品調適是唯一最佳的選擇。 具有全球敏感性的人:公司將區域或全球視為競爭市場。 Companies differ in terms of both their willingness and capability to identify and produce profitable product adaptations. Unfortunately, in companies where an ethnocentric mind-set predominates, executives and managers are oblivious to the issues presented here. One new-product expert described three stages that a company must go through, they are listed above. © 2005 Prentice Hall
如何選擇行銷策略? 對於產品本身,主要就是在於服務與產品功能。 市場上的銷售程度,是否受到客戶偏愛,而且客戶是否有能力購買。 不斷開發新產品才能符合市場上的需求。只有在分析產品市場的配適度,以及公司能力與成本。 This slide sums up the section regarding choosing a product-communication strategy. It is important to note that only after analysis of the product-market fit and of company capabilities and costs can executives choose the most profitable strategy. © 2005 Prentice Hall
新產品的全球行銷策略 先把重心放在同一個地方,不會先朝多元化發展。 老舊的經營管理方式將不斷創新、繼而不斷地開發新製程,使產品更強。 有足夠的能力可以控制市場佔有率,並且也有固定的客源。 也會跟上市場的腳步不斷研發新產品進而銷售,而且不斷加強產品品質。 © 2005 Prentice Hall
新產品的持續性 The starting point for an effective worldwide new-product program is an information system that seeks new-product ideas from all potentially useful sources and channels these ideas to relevant screening and decision centers within the organization. Ideas can come from many sources, including customers, suppliers, competitors, company salespeople, distributors and agents, subsidiary executives, headquarters executives, documentary sources (e.g., information service reports and publications), and, finally, actual firsthand observation of the market environment. The diagram on this slide illustrates the continuum that new products will fall into and the amount of learning that consumers will have to go through in order to use the product. © 2005 Prentice Hall
國際新產品部門 這項產品在各種價格下的市場有多大? 在新產品的活動上,什麼是最適當的競爭策略? 我們能夠透過現存的架構來銷售這個產品嗎? 這項產品適合我們的策略發展計畫嗎? A high volume of information flow is required to scan adequately for new-product opportunities, and considerable effort is subsequently required to screen these opportunities to identify candidates for product development. The best organizational design for addressing these requirements is a new product department. Managers in such a department engage in several activities. First, they ensure that all relevant information sources are continuously tapped for new-product ideas. Second, they screen these ideas to identify candidates for investigation. Third, they investigate and analyze selected new-product ideas. Finally, they ensure that the organization commits resources to the most likely new-product candidates and is continuously involved in an orderly program of new-product introduction and development on a worldwide basis. © 2005 Prentice Hall
測 試 新 產 品 當新產品與當地環境中的人為因素、化學因素、以及機械因素等產生互動時,有一些潛在因素將產生令人無法預期的不相容問題。 進行實際市場的產品測試便是很重要的工作、測試並不包含全面性的行銷測試,它只需針對目標市場的產品實際使用情形進行觀察。 © 2005 Prentice Hall
接續下一章 第11章 價格決策 © 2005 Prentice Hall