藥物不良反應之皮膚表現 臺北市立聯合醫院皮膚科(和平) 林瑞宜 2017年3月2日星期四
演講大綱 藥物不良反應之作用機轉 過敏與非過敏 如何診斷藥物過敏? 藥物反應之作用之重要皮膚表現 危險徵候 06:28:07
Mechanism of Adverse Drug Reactions Type A: 藥理作用相關者(Pharmacological) 依照藥理作用可預測者 為已知之作用效果之擴大表現者 常與劑量有關 必須降低劑量者. Type B: 特質性或過敏性(idiosyncratic or allergic) 依照藥物之藥理作用無法來預測者 奇異的或特直性的不良反應 常非單純之劑量相關反應(dose-response relationship) 發生不良反應時,誘因藥物常必須中止續用 非用不可時,常須經過減敏步驟 (Desensitization) 06:28:07
藥物過敏皮膚反應之診斷 是否為藥物過敏之皮膚反應? 過敏或不良反應之類型為何? 誘發藥物為何? 可能之預後嚴重性如何? Allergic or pseudoallergic ? 過敏或不良反應之類型為何? 何種免疫反應? 何種皮膚反應? 誘發藥物為何? 有無交互作用或交叉反應之藥物或情況? 可能之預後嚴重性如何? 06:28:07
藥物反應之免疫作用機轉 Type I: IgE dependent (Anaphylaxis) 蕁麻疹、血管性水腫、休克 Type II: Cytotoxic (Biological) 天疱瘡Pemphigus, Thromobocytopenic petechia, Type III: Immune-complex (Chemical, Connective ) 血管炎Vasculitis, 血清病serum sickness, Type IV: Cell mediated , Delayed type Granulomatous, Eczematous 史帝芬─強生徵候群、毒性表皮壞死症 (SIS-TEN) Th1-INFγ-Mono, Th2-IL-5-Eosin, IL-8 PMN, CD4/8 06:28:07
Mechanism of Frug Hypersensitivity Annals of Internal Medicine 2003, 139(8): 684 06:28:07
判斷ADR之原因藥物及嚴重度 一、臨床特徵 原發皮疹之類型 斑疹、丘疹、結節、膨疹、 紫斑、水疱、膿疱 皮疹之分布、數目及癢、痛等局部症狀 有無波及粘膜 併發症狀:全身性症狀 發燒、關節痛 內臟變化、多重器官 淋巴腺腫 痛 06:28:07
判斷ADR之原因藥物 二、病程、時序 應紀錄所有用藥史:種類及起訖 開始發疹日期 計算出服藥及發疹之間隔 停藥後之反應 再度使用之反應 過去,類似藥物、劑量變化 其他可能交互作用之藥物,隱藏藥物 藥物代謝相關之肝、腎功能變化 開始發疹日期 計算出服藥及發疹之間隔 停藥後之反應 再度使用之反應 06:28:07
皮膚藥物反應的簡單分類 立即性或延遲性,自限性或持續性 侷限性或汎發型(+粘膜?) 蕁麻疹及血管性水腫、休克 發疹(exanthema):麻疹樣藥疹 侷限性或汎發型(+粘膜?) 發疹型 多型性紅斑,水疱、黏膜 (SJS/TEN) 局部反應 固定藥疹、光敏感性、水疱症、壞死等 06:28:07
Severe Cutaneous ADR 06:28:07
藥物反應的重要皮膚病變 發疹 樣藥疹:可能為下列之早期病變 急性發疹樣膿疱症(AGEP) 血管炎(血清病、免疫複合體病) 紅皮症(剝脫性皮膚炎) 伴隨系統症狀、嗜伊紅球症之藥疹(DRESS) SJS-TEN(毒性表皮壞死症) 多型性紅斑 SJS TEN 06:28:07
立即性反應:Anaphylaxis 蕁麻疹Urticaria ADR之比例: Anaphylaxis 30% 服藥至發疹間隔:分鐘至小時 血管性水腫Angioedema Anaphylaxis休克 ADR之比例: Anaphylaxis 30% Urticaria 10% 為藥物引起 服藥至發疹間隔:分鐘至小時 Mortality:5% 常見原因藥物:β-lactam: Penicillins, Cephalosporins, NSAID, contrast media, monoclonal Aby 06:28:07
發疹樣藥疹 Exanthematous Drug Eruption 常見之藥物不良反應皮疹 From trunk to extremities Maculopapules or urticaria may confluent Purpura at ankle, feet, waist Mucosa is spared 可能有少數毛囊性膿疱 ADR之比例: Child 10-20%, Adult 50-70% 服藥至發疹間隔:4(7)-14days 06:28:07
發疹樣藥疹 Exanthematous Drug Eruption Type IV, or 非免疫性 direct binding to MHC-2 in KC(sulfa) AminoPC in Infectious mononucleosis 可能為嚴重之藥疹的前驅 危險徵候 毛囊一致性膿疱,紫斑,Nikolsky’s sign, 粘膜潰瘍 系統性功能異常 D Dx: Viral exanthema, Toxic shock syndrome, GVHD, Kawasaki’s, Still’s 06:28:07
發疹樣藥疹 Exanthematous Drug Eruption 06:28:07
Perifollicular papules with central pustules Exanthematous Rash with Purpura: Vasculitis Perifollicular papules with central pustules
發疹樣藥疹 Exanthematous Drug Eruption Mortality:單純發疹樣藥疹為:0% 其他進展???可能為嚴重之藥疹的前驅 可能為嚴重之藥疹的前驅 Hypereosinophilia: DRESS Palpable purpura, arthritis: Vasculitis Facial edema: DRESS, Erythroderma Mucosa involvement: TEN, SJS Painful skin: TEN 06:28:07
血管炎 Vasculitis Palpable purpura ADR之比例: < 10% 服藥至發疹間隔:7-21days, 可能伴隨蕁麻疹,發疹變化 血清病、免疫複合體病 (Type III reaction) Dermato-arthritis syndrome r/o bacteremia/sepsis first 可能波及多重器官 ADR之比例: < 10% 服藥至發疹間隔:7-21days, challenge < 3days 06:28:07
Leukocytoclastic Vasculitis 有硬結的紫斑 Palpable purpura 表面有無壞死現象? 有無血尿? Check CBC, WBC/DC LFT RFT C3, C4 06:28:07
血管炎 Vasculitis Mortality:??? 常見原因藥物: Penicillins, NSAID(oral, topical) Sulfonamide, Cephalosporins, Anticonvulsant, Allopurinol, Thiazide, Bio products (G,M-CSF, biologics, etc.) 06:28:07
DRESS : Drug Rashes with Eosinophilia and Systemic Symptoms 06:28:07
DRESS Hypersensitivity Syndrome伴隨系統症狀、嗜伊紅球症之藥疹 Drug Rash (Reaction) with Eosinophilia and Systemic Symptoms 常與藥物之代謝有關,或病毒HHV-6,7 Immune +, IL-5—Th2—eosinophils ADR之比例: 70-90% 服藥至發疹間隔:15-40days 停藥後持續數週至數月 Mortality:5-10% 06:28:07
DRESS Hypersensitivity Syndrome Febrile (85%) mobilliform rash(75%) 麻疹樣、 浮腫、follicular accentuation,水疱、膿疱、紫斑、紅皮症 好發於臉、上軀幹及四肢;臉浮腫特徵 Systemic involvement Hepatitis, myocarditis, interstitial pneumonitis, nephritis, thyroiditis etc. Lymphadenopathy Rx of Corticosteroids : first choice May relapse during tapering 06:28:07
DRESS Hypersensitivity Syndrome伴隨系統症狀、嗜伊紅球症之藥疹 常與藥物之代謝有關: phenytoin (arene oxide) 1:1000 sulfonamide (hydoxylamine?) 1:10,000 常見原因藥物: Aromatic Anticonvulsant( phenytoin, carbamazepine, phenobarbital) Allopurinol (in renal dysfunction) Lamotrigine (esp. with Valproate) Sulfonamide, dapsone Minocycline, gold salt 06:28:07
急性發疹樣膿疱症 Acute Generalized Exanthematous Pustulosis (AGEP) 臉部或腋下鼠蹊開始 水腫性紅斑 有非毛囊性小膿疱
急性發疹樣膿疱症(AGEP) Acute Generalized Exanthematous Pustulosis 急性發燒,與皮疹同時或更早 臉部或腋下鼠蹊等部位浮腫開始 數小時內快速擴散軀幹及上肢 會波及粘膜 皮疹為多樣性,癢或熱感 水腫性紅斑上有非毛囊性小膿疱 水腫、紫斑,水疱,靶型疹 皮疹持續1-2週 Mortality:1-2% 06:28:07
AGEP / EM to Pseudoephedrine 06:28:07
急性發疹樣膿疱症(AGEP) 可能是敏感之recall reaction ADR之比例: 70-90%服藥至發疹間隔: 常見原因藥物: Patch test: 陽性率達80% Neutrophilia, IL-3, 8, G-CSF from T cells ADR之比例: 70-90%服藥至發疹間隔: <四天,一般為兩天內 常見原因藥物: ß-lactame (PC, aminoPC, Cephalosporins) Macrolides, Calcium channel blockers (esp. diltiazem) Sulfasalazine-COX 2 Inh 06:28:07
Erythroderma in Anticonvulsant Hypersensitivity Syndrome 06:28:07
紅皮症(剝脫性皮膚炎) Exfoliative dermatitis, Erythroderma 先局部皮疹,常由flexural開始,麻疹樣 2-6天內擴展至全身(>90%) 臉部水腫 Scaling:lamellar, crustybranny Hyper-/hypo-thermia, Tachycardia, CHF lymphadenopathyy, hepatomegaly Eosinophilia and lymphopenia ADR之比例: 19% (5.5-42%)為藥物引起 服藥至發疹間隔:wks to mons (epoprostenol) 停藥後2-6wks緩解 Mortality:? 06:28:07
紅皮症(剝脫性皮膚炎) 常見原因藥物: Allopurinol, Ampicillin/Amoxicillin/Penicillins, (14% floxacillin) carbamazepine (ox-), phenobabital, phenytoin dapsone, sulfasalazine, sulfonamide, clofazimine, omeprazole, phenothiazines, vancomycine, captopril, nefedipine, isoniazide, ethambutol (HIV+) 06:28:07
Erythema Multiforme, SJS/TEN Continuous spectrum or Different entity? 多型性紅斑Erythema Multiforme 史帝芬─強生徵候群(SJS) Stevens-Johnson Syndrome 毒性表皮壞死症TEN Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis Target erythema, Blisters, Tender skin, Epidermal detachment, Exfoliation, Multiple Mucosal involvement 06:28:07
EM→SJS(10%)→SJS/TEN→TEN(30%) 06:28:07
Stevens-Johnson Syndrome & Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis Category Incidence per mil-yr Drug related ratio Mortality Primary eruptions (major feature) Isolate vs Confluence Detachment (% BSA) Interface vs Necrosis Systemic symptoms SJS 1.2-6 50% 5% Target & dusky red Isolated 多 < 10 Interface > N usually TEN 0.4-1.2 80-95% 25-50% Red edema & denuded Confluence > 30 I < Necrosis Always 06:28:07
Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis 06:28:07
Stevens-Johnson Syndrome & Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis Prodromal : URI-like 1-14 days before in SJS, 1-3 days in TEN Systemic: hepatitis ADR 之比例:70-90% 服藥至發疹間隔:14-56天一般藥物為weeks, TEN 7-21days, Re-exposure <2 days) Valproate, Aromatic anticonvulsants first 2 Ms Treatment:withdraw culpit drug, Skin care Steroid, IVIG (anti sFasL) About 3 weeks for heal 06:28:07
Stevens-Johnson Syndrome & Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis 常見原因藥物: Allopurinol, Ampicillin/Amoxicillin/Penicillins, Aromatic anticonvulsants Barbiturates, carbamazepine (ox-), phenytoin Lamotrigine, Valproic acid Phenylbutazone, Piroxicam Sulfa, sulfasalazine, Baktar 06:28:07
SCORTEN SEVERITY OF ILLNESS SCORE CSORTEN parameter Individual score SCORTEN Sum of score Predicted Mortality % Age > 40 years Yes = 1, No = 0 0-1 3.2 Malignancy 2 12.1 Tachycardia ( > 120/min ) 3 35.8 10%BSA Initial skin detachment 4 58.3 Serum Urea > 10mmol/l (60) 5 90 Serum glucose > 14 mmol/l(250) Bicarbonate < 20 mmol/l 06:28:07
Thank You for Your Attension 06:28:07