Tenses of Verbs 时态（Tense）是表示行为、动作和状态在各种时间条件下的动词形式。因此，当我们说时态结构的时候，指的是相应时态下的动词形式。 考虑：动词的形式 + 动作的时间性

常用时态： 1. The simple present tense: do / does ; is , am, are 2. The present continuous tense: is, am, are + doing 3. The present perfect tense: have, has + done 4. The present perfect continuous tense: have, has + been + doing

5. The simple past tense: did; was, were 6. The past continuous tense: was, were + doing 7. The past perfect tense: had + done 8. The past perfect continuous tense: had + been + doing

9. The simple future tense: will, shall, be going to, be to , be about to + do 10. The future continuous tense: will, shall + be doing 11. The future perfect tense: will, shall + have done 12. The future perfect continuous tense will,shall+ have been doing

13. The past future tense: would, should, was/were going to +do 14.The past future continuous tense: would, should + be doing 15. The past future perfect tense would, should + have done 16. The past future perfect continuous tense would ,should + have been doing

一般时 进行时 完成时 完成进行时 现在 过去 将来 过去将来 study have been studying have studied 完成时  完成进行时 现在 过去 将来 过去将来 have been studying have studied study be studying was/ were studying had studied had been studying studied will be studying will have been studying will have studied will study would have been studying would have studied would study would be studying 

The Usage of the Tenses: 1. The simple present tense: 一般现在时 表示现在发生的动作、情况、状态和特征。 eg. My partner is very diligent. B. 习惯用语，谚语，俗语中。 C. 表示经常性的动作或状态 eg. His neighbor gets up early every day. D.客观事实和普遍真理。尤其要注意，如果前后文不是一般现在时，则无法保持主句、从句时态一致 We knew that the earth turns around the sun.

E. 用于时间或条件状语从句 eg. If it rains tomorrow, I won’t leave. F. 表示一个按规定、计划或安排要发生的动作，（仅限于某些表示“来、去、动、停、开始、结束、继续”等的动词 ）可以与表示未来时间的状语搭配使用。常见的用法是飞机、火车、轮船、汽车等定期定点运行的交通方式。 Eg. No. 14 train leaves at 9:00 this afternoon. Tomorrow is Christmas Day. G.（在意义上）表示过去的动作或状态 eg. I hear that your father has written another book.

2. The Simple past tense: A. 表示在过去某个时刻或某段时间内发生的动作或存在的状态, 常与表示过去的时间状语连用, 如：yesterday, three days ago, last night ... 等 The tourist got there at 8 o’clock. An accident occurred on my way to school this morning. He was an ordinary worker last year.

B. 表示过去习惯性动作。特别是由would/ used to do表达的句型，本身表示的就是过去时。 例：The old man would sit on a bench in the quiet park and look at others for hours without doing anything or talking to anybody. He used to visit his mother once a week. C. 有时可代替一般现在时，表达一种婉转、客气、礼貌、商量的语气。 例：I wanted to ask you if I could borrow your car? Would you mind my sitting here?

3. The present continuous tense: 现在进行时 表示现在某个时刻或某段时间内正在发生的动作, 常用的时间状语有 now, at the moment, at present eg. What are they doing now? The principal is speaking to the students at present. The students are practising typing today.

4. The past continuous tense: 过去进行时 A. 表示过去某个时刻或某段时间内正在发生的动作, 常与表示过去的时间状语连用，如：at 8:00 last night, this time last Sunday eg. They were having an English evening at 8:00 last night. The cooks were preparing dishes for the guests yesterday. B. 如果when, while这样的时间状语引导词所引导的主从句之一是一般过去时，则另一个句子常用过去进行时。 eg. I was washing my hair when you knocked at the front door. （你敲前门时我正在洗头发。）

过去进行时与一般过去时的区别： eg. It rained last Saturday. It was raining last Saturday. (连续不断地下） I wrote an application letter yesterday. I was writing an application letter yesterday. (未写完）

5. The present perfect tense: 现在完成时 A.表示动作到现在为止已经完成或刚刚完成。常与already,just, yet, recently, lately, before; so far, up to now, since then, these days, in the past/last three/ few years, Eg.I bought a new house, but I _________ my old one yet, so at the moment I have two houses. A.) didn't sell B) sold C) haven't sold D) would sell B.表示从过去某时刻开始，持续到现在的动作或情况，并且有可能会继续延续下去。此时经常用延续性动词。时间状语常用since加一个过去的时间点，或for加一段时间，或by加一个现在时间。

C. 表示发生在过去，但对现在仍有影响的动作或情况。通常用点动词，如：arrive, begin, find, give, lose等。 eg. John has broken his left leg. The cat has pushed the door open. （ The door is still open. ) They have gone to New York. They have been to New York.

D.在“this is the first/ second/ third…… time that……”句型里要求用完成时。 This is the second time that the products of our company have been shown in the International Exhibition. E. 句型“It is/ has been……since”所使用的两种时态都正确。 Eg. It is/ has been 10 years since I last saw him.

eg. I have closed the window. (still closed) 注意： 1. 现在完成时与一般过去时的区别 eg. I have closed the window. (still closed) I closed the window. (maybe open again) 2. 现在完成时与现在完成进行时的区别 eg. I have read the detective story. I have been reading the detective story. He has taught physics for ten years. He has been teaching physics for ten years.

6. The past perfect tense: 过去完成时 表示在过去的某个动作或过去的某时间之前已完成的动作，被称为“过去的过去”，常与 by the end of +过去时间， by the time + clause (did), by then, by 10 o’clock eg. Mr Zhu had translated five English novels into Chinese by the end of last year.

By the time the teacher came in, we had finished it. * By the time the doctor came, the man was able to sit up. 过去完成时与一般过去时的区别 (除“过去的过去”外） eg. He had turned off the light at (=by) eleven o’clock. He turned off the light at eleven o’clock.

Revision A.十六种时态的形式 B. 六种常用基本时态： 一般现在时 （7种情况）, 一般过去时（3种情况） 现在进行时，过去进行时 （2种情况） 现在完成时(5种情况)，过去完成时 （2种情况） 补充：过去完成时的用法二： hope, wish , expect, think, intend, mean(打算)，suppose等的过去完成时，指“过去曾经有过的愿望，打算计划”，但没有实现做到。 Eg. We had hoped that you would come, but you didn’t. She had intended to pay us a visit, but was prevented. = intended to have paid

7. The present perfect continuous tense 表示一个动作发生在过去并一直持续到现在，还可能持续下去. eg. I have been waiting for you all the morning. 注意：1)有些词用现在完成进行时与现在完成时差不多，有些词在这两种时态中意思很不同。 比较：I have worked here/ have been working here for three years. I have written/ have been writing a book. 注意：2)表示短暂动作的动词不能用这种时态:finish, marry, get up, come, go

8. The past perfect continuous tense 表示一个动作发生在过去某个动作或时间之前并一直持续到过去。 eg. Tom said that he had been reading English. （用法参照上述的 7.现在完成进行时。）

The Simple future tense: 一般将来时 A. 表示“纯将来” eg. I shall/will be 20 years old next Monday. Do you think it will rain tomorrow? * I / He won’t do that. (含“意愿”） B. be going to do 表示“打算或预料即将发生” eg. I’m going to see a film tonight. It’s going to rain. 注意：有时间或条件状语从句，主句不能用be going to do.

C. be to do 表示“按计划将要”;“该做或不该做的事情”（语气上接近于should, must, ought to, have to），表示一种命令、规劝性语气。 eg. The two leaders are to meet in Washington On May 20. He is to have arrived by now but there is no sign of him yet. You are to go to bed and keep quiet, kids. Our guests are arriving in less than 5 minutes.

D. be about to do 表示“刚要或按计划即将”,一般不跟时间状语。 eg. Every day you are about to leave for school when your mother stops you, saying “Behave yourself and study hard”. E. 某些动词的一般时可表将来（come, go, start, leave, arrive, begin, return, depart, stop, be…) eg. They arrive at 10 o’clock tomorrow morning. The plane departs at 7 this evening.

F. 某些动词的进行时可表将来（come, go, start, leave, arrive, begin, return, have, work, stay, do) eg. How are you going, by boat or by plane? We are having a get-together tonight. G. 同样可以表示“正要、将要”的意思的句型是 be on the point of doing。 eg. The coach is on the point of giving up the game because our team has been scored 7 points.

H .在短语make sure, see to it , be sure 后接that 从句，用一般现在时表示将来。 Make sure (that) all the windows are closed before you leave. See to it that you arrive at the station on time.

10. The past future tense: 过去将来时 A. 表示在过去某时某刻之后将发生的动作或存在的状态 ：would /should do; was / were going to do, was/ were to do; was/were abut to do eg. The experts said that they would discover the gene in the near future. B. was/ were to do 特别表示过去曾经按计划要做的事，或过去应当做的事，而且从现在来看已经实现了。 I felt nervous because I was soon to leave home for the first time.

11. The future perfect tense: 将来完成时 表示到将来某时刻已完成的动作 eg. By the end of this semester, we will have finished all the lessons. 12. The past future perfect tense:过去将来完成时 表示从过去某时某刻 看“将来某时刻已完成的动作” The teacher said that we would have finished all the lessons by the end of this term.

13. The future continuous tense:将来进行时 表示将来某时刻正在进行的动作 eg. You will be majoring in some subjects in some university this time next year. 14. The past future continuous tense过去将来进行时 表示从过去某时某刻看“将来某时刻正在进行的动作” eg. The boy knew that he would be working as a dustman in the future for his father,who is a dustman, is to resign from the post.

1._____/________ (be) over200 years since “The Boston Tea Party” happened. 2. Don’t interrupt him while he __________ (lie) in bed. 3. Is it the first time that your uncle ____________ (come) to visit Shanghai? 4.Our geography teacher told us that the River Nile _______ ( flow) into the Mediterranean. 5.Those roses ___________ (not smell) wonderful. 6.For the last two years, he ______________ (write) a history of the American Civil War. 7. A great deal of water ___________ (need) in large cities. 8. Mary as well as her classmates _______ (like) pop music very much.

9.Did you hear the woman _________ (cry) in the room last night? 10.The students _________ (be) busy preparing their lessons since the beginning of the term. 11.The test was more difficult than the students ____________ (expect). 12.Up till now, we ___________ (plant) 2000 apple trees. 13. I couldn’t enter the room because I __________ (lose) my key. 14. Don’t sit on the bench. It ___________ (paint) a moment ago. 15. We do hope that we _______________ (succeed) in our entrance examination.

18.Let’s go out to meet him as soon as he _________ (arrive). 1. 16.Since 1992, great changes ____________ (take) place in Shanghai. 17.It is said that his new novel ________________ (translate) into English. 18.Let’s go out to meet him as soon as he _________ (arrive). 19. When he went to Japan he ________ (study) Japanese for three years. 20.Great as Newton was, many of his ideas ___ today and are being modified by the work of scientists of our time. A) are to challenge C) have been challenged B) may be challenged D) are challenging

22. The way he thought of _______ (accept) at last. 121. It _______(say ) that a store ____ (break) into last night. 22. The way he thought of _______ (accept) at last. 23 She said that they ____________ (marry) for more than twenty years. 24. ----When _______ these novels _________ (write)? ----During so-called “the Great Cultural Revolution”. 25.The Senior Three students _________ (review) their lessons these days. 26.In another year or so, you _____(forget) all about it 27.He returned the books that he ___ (borrow) from the school library. 28.She finished her meal,_____(rise) from the table and went out.

Homework 1.复习今天所学的时态，背出用法。2. 会填十六种时态的表格（以一个动词为例） 3.不规则动词表（,一号本；背前三十个动词）

Homework Aug. 8th 1.复习今天所学的时态，背出用法。 2.一张练习卷 3.不规则动词表（,一号本；背第31-60）