运动系统 兰州大学基础医学院人体解剖教研室 January, 2007 Copyright© Depart. Anatomy, School of Medicine, Lanzhou University. All right reserved by YP HOU and YF SONG

骨借关节相连形成骨骼，骨骼支持体重，保护内脏。 骨骼肌附着于骨，在神经系统支配下收缩舒张，以关节为支点牵引骨改变位置，产生运动。 运动系统由骨、关节、骨骼肌构成。 骨借关节相连形成骨骼，骨骼支持体重，保护内脏。 骨骼肌附着于骨，在神经系统支配下收缩舒张，以关节为支点牵引骨改变位置，产生运动。 January, 2007 Copyright© Depart. Anatomy, School of Medicine, Lanzhou University. All right reserved by YP HOU and YF SONG

骨 学 第一节 总论 第二节 中轴骨骼 第三节 附肢骨骼 January, 2007 第一节 总论 第二节 中轴骨骼 第三节 附肢骨骼 January, 2007 Copyright© Depart. Anatomy, School of Medicine, Lanzhou University. All right reserved by YP HOU and YF SONG

总 论 骨（bone）是人体重要的器官之一，骨组织主要由骨细胞、胶原纤维和基质等构成。外被骨膜，内容骨髓，含有丰富的血管、淋巴管及神经；是人体钙、磷的储存库，参与体内钙、磷代谢。骨髓有造血功能。 January, 2007 Copyright© Depart. Anatomy, School of Medicine, Lanzhou University. All right reserved by YP HOU and YF SONG

总 论 一．骨的分类 二、骨的表面形态 三、骨的构造 四、骨的化学成分和物理性质 五、骨的发生和发育 六、骨的可塑性 总 论 一．骨的分类 二、骨的表面形态 三、骨的构造 四、骨的化学成分和物理性质 五、骨的发生和发育 六、骨的可塑性 January, 2007 Copyright© Depart. Anatomy, School of Medicine, Lanzhou University. All right reserved by YP HOU and YF SONG

骨的分类 按形态，骨可分为4类： 长骨long bone 短骨short bone 扁骨flat bone 不规则骨 扁 骨 按形态，骨可分为4类： 长骨long bone 短骨short bone 扁骨flat bone 不规则骨irregular bone January, 2007 Copyright© Depart. Anatomy, School of Medicine, Lanzhou University. All right reserved by YP HOU and YF SONG

骨的表面形态 骨面的突起 骨端的膨大 January, 2007 Copyright© Depart. Anatomy, School of Medicine, Lanzhou University. All right reserved by YP HOU and YF SONG

骨的表面形态 骨面的凹陷 骨的空腔 January, 2007 Copyright© Depart. Anatomy, School of Medicine, Lanzhou University. All right reserved by YP HOU and YF SONG

骨的构造 骨质 骨膜 骨髓 骨的血管、淋巴管和神经 January, 2007 Copyright© Depart. Anatomy, School of Medicine, Lanzhou University. All right reserved by YP HOU and YF SONG

Copyright© Depart. Anatomy, School of Medicine, Lanzhou University Copyright© Depart. Anatomy, School of Medicine, Lanzhou University. All right reserved by YP HOU and YF SONG January, 2007

骨的化学成分和物理性质 骨主要由有机质和无机质组成。 两种成分的比例，随年龄的增长而发生变化： 幼儿时期骨的有机质和无机质各占一半，故弹性较大，柔软，易发生变形。 成年人骨有机质和无机质的比例约为3：7，最为合适，因而骨具有很大硬度和一定的弹性，较坚韧。 老年人的骨无机质所占比例更大，骨的脆性较大，易发生骨折。 January, 2007 Copyright© Depart. Anatomy, School of Medicine, Lanzhou University. All right reserved by YP HOU and YF SONG

骨的发生和发育 骨的发生 骨的发育 January 07 Copyright© Depart. Anatomy, School of Medicine, Lanzhou University. All rights reserved by Prof.YP Hou and YF Song

骨的可塑性 骨的基本形态是由遗传因子调控的。 影响骨生长发育的因素：神经、内分泌、营养、疾病及其它物理化学因素、环境因素等。 骨折后，折断处有骨痂形成。骨折愈合的初期，骨痂颇不规则，经过一定时间的吸收和改建，骨可基本恢复原貌。 January 07 Copyright© Depart. Anatomy, School of Medicine, Lanzhou University. All rights reserved by Prof.YP Hou and YF Song

中轴骨骼 一、躯干骨 二、颅 (一)椎骨 (二)胸骨 (三)肋 (一)脑颅骨 (二)面颅骨 (三)颅的整体观 (四)新生儿颅的特征及生后的变化 January 07 Copyright© Depart. Anatomy, School of Medicine, Lanzhou University. All rights reserved by Prof.YP Hou and YF Song

椎 骨 幼年时为32或33块，分为颈椎7块，胸椎12块，腰椎5块，骶椎5块，尾椎3-4块。 成年后5块骶椎融合成骶骨，3-4块尾椎长合成尾骨。 January 07 Copyright© Depart. Anatomy, School of Medicine, Lanzhou University. All rights reserved by Prof.YP Hou and YF Song

椎骨的一般形态 椎骨由椎体vertebral body和椎弓vertebral arch构成。 椎体和椎弓共同围成椎孔vertebral foramen 椎弓根 上、下切迹 椎间孔 椎弓板 棘突 横突 关节突 Copyright© Depart. Anatomy, School of Medicine, Lanzhou University. All rights reserved by Prof.YP Hou and YF Song January 07

各部椎骨的主要特征—胸椎 胸椎 thoracic vertebrae 椎体横断面呈心形。 上、下肋凹，在椎体的后外侧上下缘处。 椎孔小而圆。 横突肋凹，在横突的前面。 棘突较长，向后下方倾斜，呈叠瓦状排列。 上、下关节突关节面几乎呈冠状位。 January 07 Copyright© Depart. Anatomy, School of Medicine, Lanzhou University. All rights reserved by Prof.YP Hou and YF Song

各部椎骨的主要特征—胸椎 January 07 Copyright© Depart. Anatomy, School of Medicine, Lanzhou University. All rights reserved by Prof.YP Hou and YF Song

各部椎骨的主要特征—颈椎 颈椎 cervical vertebrae 椎体较小，横断面椭圆形。 椎孔较大，呈三角形。 横突有孔，称横突孔。 上、 下关节突关节面几乎呈水平位。 January 07 Copyright© Depart. Anatomy, School of Medicine, Lanzhou University. All rights reserved by Prof.YP Hou and YF Song

各部椎骨的主要特征—颈椎 January 07 Copyright© Depart. Anatomy, School of Medicine, Lanzhou University. All rights reserved by Prof.YP Hou and YF Song

各部椎骨的主要特征—颈椎 January 07 Copyright© Depart. Anatomy, School of Medicine, Lanzhou University. All rights reserved by Prof.YP Hou and YF Song

各部椎骨的主要特征—腰椎 腰椎 lumbar vertebrae 椎体大，横断面呈肾形。 椎孔呈卵圆形或三角形。 上、下关节突关节面几乎呈矢状位， 棘突宽而短，呈板状，水平伸向后方。 各棘突间的间隙较宽，临床上可于此作腰椎穿刺术。 January 07 Copyright© Depart. Anatomy, School of Medicine, Lanzhou University. All rights reserved by Prof.YP Hou and YF Song

各部椎骨的主要特征—腰椎 January 07 Copyright© Depart. Anatomy, School of Medicine, Lanzhou University. All rights reserved by Prof.YP Hou and YF Song

骶骨和尾骨 January 07 Copyright© Depart. Anatomy, School of Medicine, Lanzhou University. All rights reserved by Prof.YP Hou and YF Song

胸 骨 胸骨分柄、体和剑突三部分。 胸骨柄 颈静脉切迹 胸骨体 剑突 胸骨角 sternal angle 计数肋的重要标志 January 07 Copyright© Depart. Anatomy, School of Medicine, Lanzhou University. All rights reserved by Prof.YP Hou and YF Song

肋 肋costal 由肋骨与肋软骨构成，共12 对。 肋骨 costal bone 肋头costal head 肋颈costal neck 结节costal tubercle 肋体shaft of rib 肋沟costal groove 肋角costal angle 肋软骨costal cartilage January 07 Copyright© Depart. Anatomy, School of Medicine, Lanzhou University. All rights reserved by Prof.YP Hou and YF Song

颅 颅skull 位于脊柱上方，由23块颅骨围成(中耳的3对听小骨未计入)，颅骨多为扁骨或不规则骨。 除下颌骨和舌骨以外，其他的颅骨借缝或软骨牢固连结。 颅分为后上部的脑颅和前下部的面颅，二者以眶上缘和外耳上缘的连线为分界线。 January 07 Copyright© Depart. Anatomy, School of Medicine, Lanzhou University. All rights reserved by Prof.YP Hou and YF Song

脑颅骨 脑颅由8块骨围成。其中： 不成对的有额骨、筛骨、蝶骨、枕骨。 成对的有颞骨、顶骨。 额骨、筛骨、蝶骨、枕骨和颞骨、顶骨共同 构成颅腔。 颅腔的顶是穹窿形的颅盖 calvaria，由额骨、顶骨和枕骨构成。 颅腔的底由中部的蝶骨、后方的枕骨、两侧的颞骨、前方的额骨和筛骨构成。筛骨只有一小部分参与脑颅，其余构成面颅。 January 07 Copyright© Depart. Anatomy, School of Medicine, Lanzhou University. All rights reserved by Prof.YP Hou and YF Song

脑颅骨—额 骨 January 07 Copyright© Depart. Anatomy, School of Medicine, Lanzhou University. All rights reserved by Prof.YP Hou and YF Song

脑颅骨—筛 骨 January 07 Copyright© Depart. Anatomy, School of Medicine, Lanzhou University. All rights reserved by Prof.YP Hou and YF Song

脑颅骨—蝶 骨 January 07 Copyright© Depart. Anatomy, School of Medicine, Lanzhou University. All rights reserved by Prof.YP Hou and YF Song

脑颅骨—蝶 骨 January 07 Copyright© Depart. Anatomy, School of Medicine, Lanzhou University. All rights reserved by Prof.YP Hou and YF Song

脑颅骨—枕骨 January 07 Copyright© Depart. Anatomy, School of Medicine, Lanzhou University. All rights reserved by Prof.YP Hou and YF Song

脑颅骨—枕骨 January 07 Copyright© Depart. Anatomy, School of Medicine, Lanzhou University. All rights reserved by Prof.YP Hou and YF Song

脑颅骨—颞骨 January 07 Copyright© Depart. Anatomy, School of Medicine, Lanzhou University. All rights reserved by Prof.YP Hou and YF Song

面颅骨 面颅由15块面颅骨构成。其中： 面颅骨围成眶腔、鼻腔和口腔。 成对的骨有上颌骨、腭骨、颧骨、鼻骨、泪骨、下鼻甲； 不成对的有犁骨、下颌骨、舌骨。 面颅骨围成眶腔、鼻腔和口腔。 January 07 Copyright© Depart. Anatomy, School of Medicine, Lanzhou University. All rights reserved by Prof.YP Hou and YF Song

面颅骨—下颌骨 一体两支： 下颌体 下颌支 颏孔 下颌头 下颌角 January 07 Copyright© Depart. Anatomy, School of Medicine, Lanzhou University. All rights reserved by Prof.YP Hou and YF Song

面颅骨—下颌骨 January 07 Copyright© Depart. Anatomy, School of Medicine, Lanzhou University. All rights reserved by Prof.YP Hou and YF Song

面颅骨—舌 骨 January 07 Copyright© Depart. Anatomy, School of Medicine, Lanzhou University. All rights reserved by Prof.YP Hou and YF Song

面颅骨—上颌骨 成对，构成颜面的中央部，可分为 一体四突： 上颌体 额突 颧突 牙槽突 腭突 January 07 Copyright© Depart. Anatomy, School of Medicine, Lanzhou University. All rights reserved by Prof.YP Hou and YF Song

面颅骨—上颌骨 January 07 Copyright© Depart. Anatomy, School of Medicine, Lanzhou University. All rights reserved by Prof.YP Hou and YF Song

面颅骨—腭骨 呈L型，分为水平板和垂直板两部。 水平板组成骨腭的后份， 垂直板构成鼻腔外侧壁的后份。 January 07 Copyright© Depart. Anatomy, School of Medicine, Lanzhou University. All rights reserved by Prof.YP Hou and YF Song

面颅骨—腭骨 January 07 Copyright© Depart. Anatomy, School of Medicine, Lanzhou University. All rights reserved by Prof.YP Hou and YF Song

颅的整体观 一、颅顶面观 二、颅后面观 三、颅底内面观 四、颅底外面观 五、颅侧面观 六、颅前面观 January 07 Copyright© Depart. Anatomy, School of Medicine, Lanzhou University. All rights reserved by Prof.YP Hou and YF Song

颅顶面观 冠状缝 矢状缝 人字缝 顶孔 January 07 Copyright© Depart. Anatomy, School of Medicine, Lanzhou University. All rights reserved by Prof.YP Hou and YF Song

颅后面观 枕外隆突 上项线 下项线 January 07 Copyright© Depart. Anatomy, School of Medicine, Lanzhou University. All rights reserved by Prof.YP Hou and YF Song

颅底内面观 颅前窝 颅中窝 颅后窝 January 07 Copyright© Depart. Anatomy, School of Medicine, Lanzhou University. All rights reserved by Prof.YP Hou and YF Song

颅底外面观 January 07 Copyright© Depart. Anatomy, School of Medicine, Lanzhou University. All rights reserved by Prof.YP Hou and YF Song

颅侧面观 外耳门 乳突 颧弓 颞窝 颞下窝 颞线 翼点 翼腭窝 January 07 Copyright© Depart. Anatomy, School of Medicine, Lanzhou University. All rights reserved by Prof.YP Hou and YF Song

颅前面观 分为额区、眶、骨性鼻腔和骨性口腔。 额区：为眶以上的部分，由额鳞构成。 眶：为底朝前外，尖向后内的一对四棱锥形深腔，可分上、下、内侧、外侧四壁，容纳眼球及附属结构。 January 07 Copyright© Depart. Anatomy, School of Medicine, Lanzhou University. All rights reserved by Prof.YP Hou and YF Song

颅前面观 骨性鼻腔 January 07 Copyright© Depart. Anatomy, School of Medicine, Lanzhou University. All rights reserved by Prof.YP Hou and YF Song

颅前面观 鼻旁窦，位于鼻腔周围并开口于鼻腔的颅骨的含气骨的空腔。 January 07 Copyright© Depart. Anatomy, School of Medicine, Lanzhou University. All rights reserved by Prof.YP Hou and YF Song

颅前面观—鼻旁窦 名称及开口 额窦 开口于中鼻道前部 筛窦 前、中群开口于中鼻道，后群开口于上鼻道。 蝶窦 开口于蝶筛隐窝 额窦 开口于中鼻道前部 筛窦 前、中群开口于中鼻道，后群开口于上鼻道。 蝶窦 开口于蝶筛隐窝 上颌窦 开口于中鼻道 January 07 Copyright© Depart. Anatomy, School of Medicine, Lanzhou University. All rights reserved by Prof.YP Hou and YF Song

January 07 Copyright© Depart. Anatomy, School of Medicine, Lanzhou University. All rights reserved by Prof.YP Hou and YF Song

颅前面观 骨性口腔，由上颌骨、腭骨和下颌骨围成。 January 07 Copyright© Depart. Anatomy, School of Medicine, Lanzhou University. All rights reserved by Prof.YP Hou and YF Song

新生儿颅的特征及生后的变化 January 07 Copyright© Depart. Anatomy, School of Medicine, Lanzhou University. All rights reserved by Prof.YP Hou and YF Song

附肢骨骼 一、上肢骨 二、下肢骨 (一) 上肢带骨 (二)自由上肢骨 (三)上肢骨常见的变异和畸形 (一)下肢带骨 (二)自由下肢骨 (三)下肢骨常见的变异和畸形 January 07 Copyright© Depart. Anatomy, School of Medicine, Lanzhou University. All rights reserved by Prof.YP Hou and YF Song

上肢带骨—锁骨 内侧2/3凸向前，外侧1/3凸向后，交界处易骨折 January 07 Copyright© Depart. Anatomy, School of Medicine, Lanzhou University. All rights reserved by Prof.YP Hou and YF Song

上肢带骨—肩胛骨 为三角形扁骨，可分为： 二面：腹侧面和背侧面 三缘：上缘、内侧缘和外侧缘 三个角：上角、下角和外侧角 January 07 Copyright© Depart. Anatomy, School of Medicine, Lanzhou University. All rights reserved by Prof.YP Hou and YF Song

上肢带骨—肩胛骨 肩胛下窝－肩胛冈－冈上窝－冈下窝－喙突关节盂 January 07 Copyright© Depart. Anatomy, School of Medicine, Lanzhou University. All rights reserved by Prof.YP Hou and YF Song

自由上肢骨—肱骨 分为一体和上、下两端。 January 07 Copyright© Depart. Anatomy, School of Medicine, Lanzhou University. All rights reserved by Prof.YP Hou and YF Song

自由上肢骨—桡骨、尺骨 桡骨位于前臂外侧部，分一体两端。 上端为桡骨头，下端为茎突。 尺骨居前臂内侧部，分一体两端。上端的前面为滑车切迹，切迹的后上方为鹰嘴，下端为尺骨头。 前面观 后面观 January 07 Copyright© Depart. Anatomy, School of Medicine, Lanzhou University. All rights reserved by Prof.YP Hou and YF Song

自由上肢骨—手骨 包括腕骨、掌骨、和指骨。 腕骨 8块： 近侧列由桡侧向尺侧：舟月三角豆； 远侧列由桡侧向尺侧：大小头状钩。 掌骨 5块 指骨14块 January 07 Copyright© Depart. Anatomy, School of Medicine, Lanzhou University. All rights reserved by Prof.YP Hou and YF Song

自由上肢骨—手骨 前面观 后面观 January 07 Copyright© Depart. Anatomy, School of Medicine, Lanzhou University. All rights reserved by Prof.YP Hou and YF Song

上肢骨常见的变异和畸形 锁骨：可见先天性锁骨缺如。 肱骨：冠突窝与鹰嘴窝之间出现穿孔，称滑车上孔，内上髁上方有时出现向下突起，称髁上突，借韧带连于内上髁，韧带若骨化则形成髁上孔。 桡骨：可部分或全部缺如。 尺骨：鹰嘴与尺骨干可不融合。 腕骨：可出现二分舟骨。 掌骨、指骨：可出现多指或并指。 January 07 Copyright© Depart. Anatomy, School of Medicine, Lanzhou University. All rights reserved by Prof.YP Hou and YF Song

下肢带骨—髋骨 髋骨 hip bone：由髂骨、耻骨和坐骨组成。左右髋骨与骶骨、尾骨围成骨盆。 髂骨illum构成髋骨的上部，分为髂骨体和髂骨翼两部。 坐骨ischium构成髋骨的下部，分为坐骨体及坐骨支两部分。 耻骨pubis构成髋骨的前下部，可分为耻骨体及上、下支两部分。 髋臼 acetabulum：由髂、坐、耻三骨的体构成。窝内半月形的关节面称月状面。髋臼边缘下部的缺口称髋臼切迹。 January 07 Copyright© Depart. Anatomy, School of Medicine, Lanzhou University. All rights reserved by Prof.YP Hou and YF Song

下肢带骨—髋骨 内面观 January 07 Copyright© Depart. Anatomy, School of Medicine, Lanzhou University. All rights reserved by Prof.YP Hou and YF Song

下肢带骨—髋骨 内面观 外面观 January 07 Copyright© Depart. Anatomy, School of Medicine, Lanzhou University. All rights reserved by Prof.YP Hou and YF Song

自由下肢骨—股骨 股骨 femur：人体最长最结实的长骨，分为一体两端。 上端为股骨头 下端为两个膨大 内侧髁 外侧髁 前面观 后面观 内侧髁 外侧髁 前面观 后面观 January 07 Copyright© Depart. Anatomy, School of Medicine, Lanzhou University. All rights reserved by Prof.YP Hou and YF Song

自由下肢骨—髌骨 髌骨 patella：人体最大的籽骨。上宽下尖，前面粗糙，后面为关节面。 January 07 Copyright© Depart. Anatomy, School of Medicine, Lanzhou University. All rights reserved by Prof.YP Hou and YF Song

自由下肢骨—胫骨、腓骨 胫骨 tibia ：位于小腿内侧部。 上端膨大，为内侧髁和外侧髁； 腓骨 fibula：位于胫骨外后方。 下端稍膨大，其内下方为内踝。 腓骨 fibula：位于胫骨外后方。 上端膨大，称腓骨头； 下端稍膨大，称外踝。 January 07 Copyright© Depart. Anatomy, School of Medicine, Lanzhou University. All rights reserved by Prof.YP Hou and YF Song

自由下肢骨—胫骨、腓骨 右侧 前面观 后面观 January 07 Copyright© Depart. Anatomy, School of Medicine, Lanzhou University. All rights reserved by Prof.YP Hou and YF Song

自由下肢骨—足骨 包括跗骨、跖骨和趾骨。 跗骨 tarsal bone：共7块。可分为前、中、后三列。 后列：距骨和跟骨 中间列：足舟骨 前列：内侧楔骨、中间楔骨、外侧楔骨和骰骨。 跖骨 metatarsal bones：共5块 趾骨 phalanges of the toes：共14块 January 07 Copyright© Depart. Anatomy, School of Medicine, Lanzhou University. All rights reserved by Prof.YP Hou and YF Song

自由下肢骨—足骨 下面观 上面观 January 07 Copyright© Depart. Anatomy, School of Medicine, Lanzhou University. All rights reserved by Prof.YP Hou and YF Song

下肢骨常见的变异和畸形 髋骨：髂窝穿孔，耻坐支不长合。 股骨：臀肌粗隆异常粗大，形成第3转子。 髌骨：可缺如或为二分髌骨。 距骨：后下部和前上部可出现三角股和距上骨。 楔骨：内侧和中间楔骨之间可出现楔间骨。 跖骨：第1与第2跖骨之间可出现跖间骨。 趾骨：多趾。 January 07 Copyright© Depart. Anatomy, School of Medicine, Lanzhou University. All rights reserved by Prof.YP Hou and YF Song

附肢骨骼 January 07 Copyright© Depart. Anatomy, School of Medicine, Lanzhou University. All rights reserved by Prof.YP Hou and YF Song

思考题 骨的形态和构造 颅前窝、颅中窝的孔和裂有哪些？分别有哪些结构通过？ 骨性鼻旁窦的部位和开口 January 07 Copyright© Depart. Anatomy, School of Medicine, Lanzhou University. All rights reserved by Prof.YP Hou and YF Song