Basic Wine Course

Table of Contents 目录 I. Definition of Wine II. Components of Wine III . Types of wine IV. Wine Making VI Main Wine Countries VII Main Grape Varieties VIII Wine Labels IX Wine list X Wine service I 葡萄酒的定义 II 葡萄酒成分 III 葡萄酒种类 IV 葡萄酒酿造程序 VI 主要葡萄酒产国 VII 主要葡萄品种 VIII 酒标 IX 葡萄酒单 X 葡萄酒服务

I Definition of Wine I 葡萄酒的定义

Crush the berries, release the juice and add yeast to the must. Ripe & Healthy Grapes 成熟健康的 葡萄 Crush the berries, release the juice and add yeast to the must. 压榨浆果, 使果汁流出并把酵母加入混合物 Fermentation converts sugar into alcohol 发酵把糖份转化为酒精 WINE IS FERMENTED GRAPE JUICE 葡萄酒是经过发酵的葡萄汁 Point 2: though yeast is found naturally on the grapes skins 1.5 kg grapes can produce 1 litre of wine

II Components of Wine 葡萄酒成分

Notes: Approximate percentages by weight Flavor Compounds (0.1%) Color & Tannins (in red wines) (0.3%) Acids (1%) Sugar (0.1% dry - 8% sweet) Alcohol (10% table wines, 20% fortified wines) Water (80%-90%) Notes: Approximate percentages by weight

II Components of Wine 葡萄酒成分 含香物质 (0.1%) 色素和丹宁 (红葡萄酒) (0.3%) 酸 (1%) 糖份 (0.1% 干 - 8% sweet甜) 酒精 (餐酒10%, 加强葡萄酒20%) 水份· (80%-90%) 注: 以上为重量的大约百分比

III Types of wine III 葡萄酒种类

Types of Wine （By wine making process） Champagne SPARKLING WINE Cava Other Sparkling wines Red STILL WINE White Champagne, sparkling wine from the region of Champagne in France. Eg: Bollinger , Mumm Cava, sparkling wine from the region of Catalonia in Spain. Eg : Freixenet Other Sparkling wines: Moscato d’Asti, Proceco, Sekt ect. Red Wine Eg: Chianti Classico White Wine Eg: Chablis Rose Wine Eg: White Zinfandel Rose FORTIFIED WINE Port, Sherry

葡萄酒种类 （按生产工艺分） 汽泡酒 加瓦 其他汽泡酒 红葡萄酒 普通葡萄酒 玫瑰酒 加强葡萄酒 钵酒,雪利酒 香槟酒 白葡萄酒 Champagne, sparkling wine from the region of Champagne in France. Eg: Bollinger , Mumm Cava, sparkling wine from the region of Catalonia in Spain. Eg : Freixenet Other Sparkling wines: Moscato d’Asti, Proceco, Sekt ect. Red Wine Eg: Chianti Classico White Wine Eg: Chablis Rose Wine Eg: White Zinfandel 玫瑰酒 加强葡萄酒 钵酒,雪利酒

Types of Wine （By service sequence during a meal） Beginning of the meal alcohol Sugar Aperitif （Dry sherry， Champagne） Table Wine ( Red, White, Rose… ) Dessert Wine ( Botrytis, Ice wine, Port, Late Harvest…) Digestive ( Liquors, Grappa… ) low low high high End of the meal

葡萄酒种类 （按用餐时上酒顺序 分） 酒精 糖份 餐前酒 (干雪利酒,香槟酒…) 餐酒 ( 红, 白, 玫瑰葡萄酒… ) 葡萄酒种类 （按用餐时上酒顺序 分） 用餐开始 酒精 糖份 餐前酒 (干雪利酒,香槟酒…) 餐酒 ( 红, 白, 玫瑰葡萄酒… ) 甜酒 ( 贵腐酒, 冰酒, 钵酒 , 晚丰收葡萄酒…) 餐后消化酒 ( 利口酒, 果渣酒… ) 低 低 高 高 用餐结束

IV Wine making process IV 葡萄酒酿造程序

Red Wine Making Process 红葡萄酒酿制过程 Red grapes are first crushed and de-stemmed, then placed into a container. 红葡萄 先去梗压榨，然后放入容器 The alcoholic fermentation will start, at the same time maceration is taking place 接下来，酒精发酵就开始了，浸渍也在同步进行 During that time the tannins, flavors and coloring substances will dissolve into what is going to become wine (the must). 在此期间，丹宁、香味及颜色等物质逐渐溶解入即将产生的葡萄酒中。 The alcoholic fermentation completed: - Free run wine: liquid that is free from the solid matter in the barrel or tank - Pressing: wine that can be separated from solids by pressing Must: grape juice often including skin, seeds, stalk and the pulp but that has not been yet fermented

White Wine Making Process 白葡萄酒酿制过程 Whilst red wines are produced with skins and pips, the specificity of white wine making process lies in the absence of maceration 红葡萄酒带皮和籽一起发酵， 而白葡萄酒酿制过程的特别之处在于没有浸渍。 When making a white wine, the juice is separated from the skins immediately 酿制白葡萄酒时，果汁和果皮是压榨后马上分离的。酿酒时，只使用葡萄汁。 Blanc de blancs : white wine only from white grapes Blanc de noirs : white wine from dark grapes

Rose Wine Making Process 玫瑰葡萄酒酿制过程 If you allow only a few hours of maceration， the wine will pick up some color from the skins， so the wine is only slighted tainted, then fermentation occurs normally without contact with the skins. 如果仅有短时间的浸渍，葡萄酒的颜色就不会很深，接下来的发酵过程中液体将不再接触到葡萄皮。 Only Champagne can use the direct blending of white and red wines to produce rose wines. 只有香槟可以直接使用白葡萄酒和红葡萄酒的混合来调制玫瑰葡萄酒。 Maceration: The period of time during which the grape juice is left in contact with the grape skins, seeds, stalks. It allows the grape juice to take on the color, flavor and acid.

White Wine 白葡萄酒 Red Wine 红葡萄酒 Rose Wine 玫瑰酒 Bottling 装瓶

Sparkling Wine Making Process 气泡葡萄酒的酿制过程 During a second fermentation, yeast converts sugar into alcohol and gas (Co2)在第二次发酵过程中，酵母把糖份转化为酒精和气体（二氧化碳） 3 methods 3种方法 1 - Secondary fermentation in bottle 瓶中二次发酵 2 - Secondary fermentation in a tank 桶中二次发酵 3 – Carbonation 二氧化碳法 Highest quality 高质量 Lowest quality 低质量

V I Main Wine Countries 主要葡萄酒产酒国

(Southern hemisphere + USA) *Top six producers in volume New World新世界 USA美国 4* Australia澳大利亚6* Chile智利 Argentina 阿根廷5* New Zealand新西兰 South Africa南非 Old World旧世界 France法国 1* Italy意大利 2* Spain西班牙3* (Southern hemisphere + USA) 南半球＋美国 (European Countries) 欧洲国家                  *Top six producers in volume 产量前六名国家

Old World VS New World 旧世界VS新世界 ( European Countries欧洲国家 ) ( Southern hemisphere + USA 南半球＋美国 ) Old world 旧世界 New world 新世界 Integrate more the soil and climate factors. “Terroir” 更能在酒中结合土壤气候特征 Long tradition and history 悠久历史和传统 Good visibility to the consumers 客人容易理解 Main factor is the grape variety 主要根据葡萄品种 Consistent weather 相应气候 Pros Difficult visibility to the consumers 客人不易理解 Lots of regulations 很多规则 Too much standardization 标准太多 Not been produced for long ageing 储存时间较短 cons

VII Grape Varieties 葡萄品种

Summary 摘要 8,000 grape varieties known in the world 世界上目前已知的葡萄品种有8000种 1,000 grape varieties used for wine around the world 世界上大约有1000种葡萄被制成葡萄酒 200 traditionally used in Italy 意大利大约使用200种葡萄 100 traditionally used in France 法国大约使用100种葡萄 50 traditionally used in Spain 西班牙大约使用50种葡萄 Grape variety, a major factor in the taste of a wine 不同的葡萄品种，是影响葡萄酒品尝的主要因素

Main Grape Varieties 主要葡萄品种 Red varieties 红葡萄品种 Cabernet Sauvignon/加本力苏维翁 Merlot/梅洛 Shiraz (Syrah)/设拉子 Pinot Noir/黑皮诺 Sangiovese/杉济奥维瑟 Nebbiolo /内比奥 Zinfandel/仙芬黛

Red Grape Varieties 红葡萄品种 A classic Bordeaux grape 传统波尔多葡萄品种 Full-bodied, tannic 酒体饱满，丹宁较丰富 Very complex, long evolution 口味丰富， 陈年长 Blackcurrant, violet 黑加仑，紫罗兰 Cabernet Sauvignon 加本力苏维翁

Red Grape Varieties 红葡萄品种 A traditional Bordeaux grape 传统波尔多葡萄品种 Supple and round 口感柔顺，饱满 Black and red cherry 黑色及红色樱桃 Chocolate 巧克力 Merlot梅洛

Red Grapes Varieties 红葡萄品种 King of Burgundy 勃根蒂之王 Cherry, raspberry 樱桃、覆盆子 Spice notes 稍带辛辣 Earthy complexities 泥土气息 A silky texture, little tannins 丝般柔滑，丹宁较淡 Pinot Noir黑皮诺

Red Grapes Varieties 红葡萄品种 From Rhone Region, France 来自法国罗纳谷地区 Rich black and red berry fruit, plum 丰富的黑色、红色浆果及李子味 Game and spice complexity 丰富的野味及辛辣味 More intense and earthy than Zinfandel 比仙芬黛更紧凑、泥土气息更重。 Shiraz 设拉子

Red Grape Varieties 红葡萄品种 Italy’s most common grape 意大利种植最广泛的红葡萄品种 Grape for Chianti 基昂蒂用此葡萄酿制 Brunello di Montalcino 蒙塔尔奇诺布鲁诺 Lightly fragrant wines 酒香清淡 A distinct bitter cherry taste 独特的苦莓味 Tight tannins 强烈的丹宁味 Sangiovese杉济奥维瑟

Red Grape Varieties 红葡萄品种 Mostly grown in California 加州独特的葡萄品种 Deeply concentrated berry fruit 浓缩的浆果味 Jammy 果酱味 Intriguing spice notes 独特香辣 A big finish 回味极佳 Zinfandel仙芬黛

Red Grape Varieties 红葡萄品种 Piemontese grape (Italy) 意大利皮特蒙地区的著名葡萄品种 Grape for Barolo & Barbaresco 酿制巴罗洛和芭芭罗斯克葡萄酒 Tannic, acidic and austere. 丹宁丰富、酸度适中、深沉 Complex, full-bodied 酒体饱满，口味丰富 Better after more than 4 years aging 最好陈年4年以上 Nebbiolo内毕罗

Main White Grape Varieties 主要白葡萄品种 White Grapes白葡萄品种 Chardonnay/莎当妮 Sauvignon Blanc/白苏维翁 Riesling/薏丝琳 Gewuztraminer /格乌兹莱妮 Pinot Grigio/灰皮诺 Viognier/威格尼

White Grape Varieties 白葡萄品种 Native to Burgundy 源于法国的勃根第地区 Versatile and complex 复杂多变 Good ageing potential 很好的储藏潜力 Citrus 柑橘味 Tropical fruit 热带水果味 Chardonnay莎当妮

White Grape Varieties 白葡萄品种 Bordeaux, central Loire, New Zealand 波尔多，卢瓦尔河中部， 新西兰 Crisp acidity 易碎，偏酸 Dry and aromatic 干性，芬芳 Fruity and grassy 果香浓郁有青草味 Sauvignon Blanc白苏维翁

White Grape Varieties 白葡萄品种 A German variety， grown in Alsace South Australia, Washington State etc 德国葡萄品种, 在阿尔萨斯， 南澳洲， 及华盛顿州都有种植 Versatile (dry, tart wine to Sweet late-harvest wine) 变化多样（可在口感较干到晚收型甜酒间变化） Effusive fruit aromas 既丰富的水果味 Apple, Citrus, Peach 苹果，柑橘，桃子 Lime, Honey, Toast 石灰，蜂蜜，吐司 Riesling薏丝琳

White Grape Varieties 白葡萄品种 Alsace, Germany, Austria 阿尔萨斯，德国，奥地利 Structured, generous 层次分明，特征丰富鲜明 Lychee, rose spices, Clove spice notes 荔枝，玫瑰、丁香的辛辣味 Tropical Fruit & Cinnamon 热带水果味 & 肉桂味 Gewurztraminer 格乌兹莱妮

White Grape Varieties 白葡萄品种 Popular in Northern Italy 盛产于意大利北部 Fruili and Veneto 福茹利,威尔尼托 Fresh and Aromatic 新鲜，芬芳 Light color 颜色偏淡 Pinot Grigio 灰皮诺

White Grape Varieties 白葡萄品种 Northern Rhone, also in USA and Australia 北罗纳谷， 在美国，澳洲都有种植 Condrieu, Chateau Grillet 孔德里欧、歌瑞莱特古堡 Peach flavor 桃子香 Very low acidity 酸度极低 Viognier威格尼

VIII Wine Labels 酒标

How to Read Wine Label 怎样解读酒标? Usual contents of a label 酒标里包含的内容 Winery 酒庄名 Vintage年份 Alcohol Level酒精含量 Net Volume 净含量 (Name of Wine)酒名 New World 新世界 Grape Variety 葡萄品种 Old World 旧世界 Appellation产地 Classification等级

Sample from the New World 来自新世界的样标

Sample from the Old World 来自旧世界的样标 What is the grape variety?葡萄品种是什么？

IX Wine Lists 酒单

VIII Types of Wine list 酒单种类 Wine list by region 根据产区的分类 Wine list by alphabetic order 根据字母顺序分类 Wine list by varieties 根据葡萄品种分类 Wine list by intensity of wine 根据葡萄的强度分类 Others 其他

X Wine Service 葡萄酒服务

X IWine Service 葡萄酒服务 Presentation of the wine list 介绍酒单 Take the order without hesitation 确认订单 The client asks for recommendations客户要求推荐 Recommendations offered 建议 The client may doubt – reinforce 客户也许置疑－加强你的推荐 Presentation of the wine 展示葡萄酒 Open the wine bottle 葡萄酒开瓶 Client tastes the wine 客人品尝葡萄酒 Wine rejections 拒绝葡萄酒 Pouring sequence 斟酒顺序 Glass refill and reorder 葡萄酒续杯和加酒

Recommendations 客人要求被推荐葡萄酒 Listen pro-actively and gather information 仔细聆听客人的需要，收集信息 Then give him a recommendation according to the dish and his budget. 根据他的菜肴和预算，推荐相应的葡萄酒 Pay attention to the circumstances & season 注意环境和季节的变化 Offer one or two recommendations, no more. Do not read the wine list！ 只提供一、两个建议，绝对不要照读酒单 Justify your choice briefly with a few words 简短的介绍一下你的推荐 Questions to ask: Do you prefer a particular style? Do you want a light wine or a full-bodied wine? Do you have a country in mind! How about some…. with your dish

Presentation of the Wine 出示葡萄酒 Show the bottle and label standing on the right hand side of the person who ordered 站在点酒客人的右面，向他展示葡萄酒的瓶身和酒标 Never hold the bottle by the neck 绝对不要握酒瓶的瓶颈 Do not shake the bottle. Be gentle. 不要摇晃酒瓶，拿放轻柔。 Red wine should be served at room temperature 红葡萄酒可以在室温品尝 White, rose and sparkling wines should be served chilled and put in an ice bucket between pouring 白葡萄酒、玫瑰葡萄酒、汽泡酒饮用前都必须冷藏，余下的葡萄酒要连瓶放入冰桶保温 If possible, put the wine on a tray with a tasting glass and a napkin Be careful of condensation and water spilling

Open the Wine Bottle 葡萄酒开瓶 Always open in the presence of the guest and never hide the label 当着客人的面开启葡萄酒，不要隐藏葡萄酒标 Do not turn your back to your customer 不要背对你的客人 Cut the foil below the neck with opener. Do not pierce the cork 用酒刀割开瓶封，不要刺穿软木塞 Bend the cork a little bit at the end to avoid making a noise 拔出瓶塞底部时稍微弯曲一点，避免弄出噪音 Present the cork upon successful removal from the bottle. Do not leave the Capsule on the table 顺利开启葡萄酒后，不要把铝膜遗留在桌上

Give the client a taste of the wine 让客人品酒 Ask the guest who made the order to taste the wine 请点酒的那位客人先试酒 Pour approximately one soup spoon worth of wine into the glass of the designated guest 倒大约一汤匙的葡萄酒给指定的客人 Ensure approval is given before you go on pouring 点酒客人首肯后才为其他客人们侍酒

Wine Rejections 拒绝 Corkiness: If you smell mustiness or damp cardboard, then the wine is corked 被橡木塞污染：如果有霉味或潮板纸的气味，说明酒已被污染 Oxidation: Sometimes the wine can be oxidized, meaning it has been exposed to air 过分氧化：葡萄酒和空气过分接触会被氧化

Wine Pouring Sequence 侍酒顺序 From the right hand side, pour the wine for ladies first, clockwise from the host, then for gentlemen in the same clockwise manner 站在客人右边，女士优先，由主人开始顺时针方向，接下来再是男士，同样顺时针方向 The person who tastes the wine should be the last person to be poured a glass 最后才将主人的酒杯加满 Twist the neck a little bit at the end of the pour 侍酒完毕后稍微扭转一下酒瓶 Pour same portion to everybody “Wine by glass” should be poured around 150ml We can pour more red than white, because white wine warms up faster

Glass Refill and Reorder 续杯和加酒 Make sure you refill the glass as often as possible and respond to any request to stop the refill 你必须每次都尽可能的为客人续杯，除非得到停止续杯的指令 Recommend 2nd bottle or a new wine 加点第二瓶酒或再订其他新酒 Always ask the host whether a 2nd bottle of the same wine is required or different type of wine is preferred when there is less than 1/4 bottle of wine left 当少于1/4瓶酒时，应该询问主人是否还需要第二瓶或其他不同款的新酒 Check you have sufficient of the same type before approaching the guest

Thank you! 谢谢