時態與語態 三民書局提供

過去簡單式表示過去的事實、狀態、習慣與動 作，動詞為過去式動詞。 1 動詞變化 4-3-1 過去簡單式 過去簡單式表示過去的事實、狀態、習慣與動 作，動詞為過去式動詞。 1 動詞變化 人稱 動詞 第一人稱 第二人稱 第三人稱 be 動詞 was were 一般動詞 V-ed 助動詞 did

2 過去式動詞的變化 條件 變化 例字 一般規則 字尾加-ed look → looked, earn → earned, help → helped, touch → touched, fix → fixed 字尾為 e 字尾加-d love → loved, move → moved, care → cared, live → lived, hesitate → hesitated (猶豫) 字尾為 y 者 (1) 子音 + y 字尾去 y，加-ied study → studied, try → tried, cry → cried, fry → fried, rely → relied (2) 母音 + y play → played, pray → prayed 「短母音+單子音」結尾的單音節動詞 重複字尾加-ed stop → stopped, shop → shopped, drop → dropped, plan → planned, beg → begged

「短母音+單子音」結尾，且重音在最後音節的雙音節動詞 重複字尾加 -ed prefer → preferred, admit → admitted, omitted → omitted, occur → occurred, transfer → transferred (轉移), transmit → transmitted (傳遞) 字尾為 c，且發音為 [k] 字尾加-ked picnic → picnicked, panic → panicked 特殊變化 (需特別背誦) 不規則變化 have → had, go → went, do → did, say → said, write → wrote, catch → caught, hear → heard, tell → told, take → took 和原形動詞一樣 hurt → hurt, cut → cut, hit → hit, put → put, cost → cost, read → read, spread → spread 有兩種形式 learn → learned/learnt, burn → burned/burnt, smell → smelled/smelt

用法 說明 範例 表示「過去的事實、狀態與動作」，常與 ago、just now (剛剛)、before、yesterday、last night/year、this morning 等副詞連用。 ☆ A strong typhoon hit Taiwan last week. 上週，一個強颱襲臺。 (表示過去事實) ☆ Some people were drunk in the celebration party last night. 昨晚有些人在慶功宴上醉倒了。 (表示過去的狀態) ☆ We bumped into Michael on the street three days ago. 三天前，我們在街上遇見 Michael。 (表示過去的動作) 表示「過去的習慣動作」，常與頻率副詞連用。 ☆ Ted often spent an hour playing the video game after school when he was in junior high school. 當 Ted 是國中生時，他常在放學後 打一小時的電動。

2 be used to +原V，表示「被用來…」，例如： ☆ Clocks are used to tell time. 時鐘被用來報時。 ☆ This is the baseball field where Chien-Ming Wang used to practice. 這是王建民以前常去做練習的棒球場。 ☆ My grandfather used to drink tea after dinner. 我祖父過去常在晚餐後喝杯茶。 ☆ Janet used to be a ballet dancer. Janet以前曾經是芭蕾舞者。 注意 used to不同用法的比較： 1 used to +原V，表示「過去常常…」或「以前曾經」，例如☆ May used to stay up late on weekdays. May過去平日常熬夜。 2 be used to +原V，表示「被用來…」，例如： ☆ Clocks are used to tell time. 時鐘被用來報時。 3 be/get used to + V-ing，表示「習慣於…」，例如： ☆ I am used to taking exercise every morning. 我習慣每天早上做運動。

Try it! 實力演練 I 填入正確的動詞時態 1 Kate (be) late for school this morning. 2 The professor found that there (be) several mistakes in this report. 3 In 1974, a man called Kaufmann (say) that he had seen aliens. 4 Mrs. Parson _________ (hurry) home because she _______ (have) to cook for her family. 5 The Lins ________ (live) here two years ago, but now they have moved to another city. was were said hurried had lived

7 I ________ (write) to Linda last week. 6 Helen _______ (use) to burn the midnight oil but now she _______ (go) to bed early. 7 I ________ (write) to Linda last week. 8 The superstar _________ (arrive) at the airport just now. 9 The policeman ________ (catch) the thief yesterday. 10 After Eric _______ (put) away his coat, he ________ (read) the newspaper. used goes wrote arrived caught put read

4-3-2 過去進行式 過去進行式由 was/were + V-ing 構成，表示「過去某 一時間正在進行的動作」。 用法 說明 範例 表示過去某時刻正在進行的動作。 ☆ Father was reading the newspaper at eight o’clock last night. 昨晚八點，爸爸正在看報紙。 ☆ I was having a picnic with my family at noon yesterday. 昨天中午，我正和家人一起野餐。 表示過去某一動作發生時，正在進行的另一個動作。 ☆ When the clock struck nine, I was listening to the radio. 當九點鐘響時，我正在聽廣播。 ☆ I was taking a shower when the phone rang. 電話響時，我正在洗澡。

表示在過去時間裡同時進行的兩個動作，常與連接詞 while 連用。 ☆ While Cathy was doing her homework, her brother was watching TV. 當 Cathy 正在做功課時，她弟弟正在看電視。 ☆ Fred was brushing his teeth while his wife was talking to him. 當 Fred 在刷牙時，他老婆正在和他說話。 表示在過去時間裡的習慣性動作，常與always、constantly等副詞連用。 ☆ Tess was constantly nagging at her husband. Tess老是碎念她老公。 ☆ The couple were always arguing over trivial matters. 那對夫婦老是在吵一些雞毛蒜皮的小事。

Try it! 實力演練 were taking were practicing was cooking was using walked I 填入正確的動詞時態 (不限填一字) 1 The students (take) a math test at 11 this morning. 2 The players _______________ (practice) soccer on the field at 3 yesterday afternoon. 3 When Ted woke up at noon, his mother ___________ (cook) lunch. 4 Wendy (use) the computer when her boss stepped into the office. 5 When we (walk) into the restaurant, the couple (have) a candlelit dinner. 6 David (talk) on the phone when his father (come) home. 7 When the teacher (give) an English class in the classroom, some students (read) comic books. 8 The boys (do) math exercises while Ms. Lu (correct) their assignments. were taking were practicing was cooking was using walked were having was talking came gave were reading were doing was correcting

4-3-3 過去完成式 過去完成式由 had + 過去分詞 (V-en) 構成。 用法 說明 範例 表示過去某一時刻已經完成的動作。 ☆ The man had left at eleven. 那男人已經在十一點時離開。 ☆ The Browns had moved to Tainan last year. Brown 一家人去年已經搬到臺南。 表示在過去某時之前就已經持續的動作或狀態。 ☆ When he received his master‘s degree, Ben had studied in the UK for 5 years. 當 Ben 拿到碩士學位時，他已經在英國讀 五年書了。 ☆ When Lucy came home, her child had slept. 當 Lucy 回到家時，她的小孩已經睡了。

用來表示兩個過去動作的先後關係；先完成的動作用過去完成式，後完成的用過去簡單式。 表示過去的經驗。 ☆ Sue had never seen a koala before she traveled to Australia. 在去澳洲旅行前，Sue從沒看過無尾熊。 用來表示兩個過去動作的先後關係；先完成的動作用過去完成式，後完成的用過去簡單式。 過去 完成式 過去式 現在式 Had V-en V-ed V/V-s/ V-es ☆ When we hurried to the stadium, the game had just begun. 當我們趕去體育場時，比賽剛剛開始。 ☆ Jack had finished his military service before he immigrated to the US. 在Jack移民去美國前，他已經服完兵役了。 ☆ When the police arrived there, the robbers had escaped. 當警察趕到那裡時，搶匪已經跑了。 ☆ Mary found that someone had broken into her house. Mary發現有人闖進她家。

Try it! 實力演練 I 填入正確的動詞時態 (不限填一字) 1 Those workers _______________ (finish) the work at five, so they packed up and went home. 2 Nobody knew what _______________ (happen) earlier that day. 3 When the teacher came into the classroom, the students ____________ (do) their assignments. 4 Mark __________ (find) the key that he __________ (lose) yesterday. 5 Last night, Peter _________ (say) that he _________________ (never hear) such a funny story. had finished had happened had done found had lost said had never heard

II 根據上下文的情境，填入正確的動詞時態 (不限填一字) 1 Yesterday while I __________ (take) a shower at 8, Melissa ________ (call). She ________ (ask) if I could attend her party. I ________ (tell) her that I ________ (will) surely show up in her party because I _____________ (promise) her before. 2 Kevin _________ (invite) his girlfriend to a fancy restaurant last week. When he was going to pay the bill, he _________ (find) that he _____________ (forget) to put some money in his wallet before he (leave) home that morning. He (feel) so embarrassed, but he (have) no choice but to borrow money from his girlfriend! was taking called asked told would had promised invited found had forgotten left felt had

4-3-4 過去完成進行式 基本概念 過去完成進行式是由 had + been + V-ing 構成，表示「動作或狀態從過去某一時間開始，且一直持續到過去某時」。 ☆ We had been waiting for the bus for twenty minutes before it came. 在公車來之前，我們已經等二十分鐘了。 ☆ These basketball players had been practicing for an hour before the coach came. 在教練來之前，這些籃球選手已經練習一個小時了。 ☆ Mr. Smith had been taking care of his children the whole day before his wife got home. 在他太太回到家之前，Smith 先生已經照顧孩子一整天了。 ☆ Bell had been staying in the hospital for two days before she had an operation on her leg. 在 Bell 動腿部手術前，她已經住院兩天了。

注意 過去完成式強調過去動作的完成，而過去完成進行式則強調過去動作的持續性。 ☆ Richard had done his assignment before Mom came home. 在媽媽回到家前，Richard 已經寫完作業了。 (強調 Richard 已經寫完作業，表示動作的完成。) ☆ Richard had been doing his assignment before Mom came home. 在媽媽回到家前，Richard 一直在寫作業。 (強調 Richard 一直在寫作業，表示動作仍在 進行。)

Try it! 實力演練 引導式翻譯 1 在看到路標之前，我們已經走15 分鐘的路了。 We _______ ______ _______ for fifteen minutes before we saw the road sign. 2 在老婆回到家之前，Alex 已經看一小時的報紙了。 Alex 　　　 the newspaper for an hour before his wife came home. 3 在我們抵達祖父母家前，爸爸已經開四小時的車了。 Father 　　　 for four hours before we arrived at Grandparents’ house. 4 下課鐘響之前，該名學生一直在打瞌睡 (doze off)，睡了半個小 時。 Before the bell rang, the student ________ ________ ________ ______ in class for half an hour. 5 在朋友打電話給她之前，Nora 已經洗二十分鐘的澡了。 Nora 　　　 a shower for twenty minutes before her friend called her. had been walking had been reading had been driving had been dozing off had been taking