Unit 2 Grammar and usage

Words preview state shock disappoint insect shame arrest customs n. 状态,状况,情形 vt. 使震惊,使震动 vt. 使失望 n. 昆虫 n. 可耻的事(或人);羞耻,羞愧 vt. & n. 逮捕,拘捕 n. 【用作单数】海关

Words preview officer arrival closely feather stomach resource clap n. 官员,公务员;军官;警官 n. 到达者;到达物;到达,到来 adv. 仔细地,认真地 n. 羽毛 n. 胃,肚子 n. 资源 vi., vt. & n. 鼓掌,拍手

This will have a lasting effect upon the number of fish left for us to eat. That was an interesting speech. What I’m here to say is that having worked side by side with many environmentalist,… The people running these factories are very concerned about the environment. We call the red words —— verb-ing form.

这种 verb-ing 形式在语法上叫 现在分词(Present Participles)， 主要起形容词和副词的 作用，在句中作定语、 表语、补语或状语。

非谓语动词 不定式 过去分词 动名词 -ing 形式 现在分词

动名词 (Gerund) 作主语，宾语，表语和定语。 1. Playing football is my favourite sport. 动名词可以起名词的作用，在句子中 作主语，宾语，表语和定语。 1. Playing football is my favourite sport. 主语 2. Our work is serving the people. 表语 3. I remember being taken to Wuhan when I was a very small child. 宾语 4. We have a swimming poor in the back yard. 定语

Notes: 1. 时态和语态及动名词的复合结构； 2. 动名词与不定式作主语，表语的区别； 3. 作宾语时，有些动词后只能用动名词， 有些动词后只能用不定式，有的两者 都能，有时含义相同，有时含义不同； 4. 作定语时，与现在分词的区别。

主 动 被 动 writing being written having written having been written 时态和语态 主 动 被 动 一般 writing being written 完成 having written having been written

I remember being taken to Wuhan when I was a very small child. (动名词的一般被动态) She admitted having opened the box. (动名词的完成式) How about the two of us taking a walk down the garden? (MET93 17) (动名词的复合结构)

动名词与不定式作主语，表语的区别 v-ing形式作主语时往往表示一般性的、习惯性的动作；而不定式作主语则表示在具体情况下特定的或一次性的动作。但有时可以通用。

delay, enjoy, escape, excuse, finish, 只能用动名词作宾语的动词 1. advise, allow, avoid, admit, consider, delay, enjoy, escape, excuse, finish, imagine, mind, miss, permit, practise, risk, suggest, dislike, appreciate 2. feel like, give up, put off, keep on, look forward to, insist on, can’t help, get used to, devote…to 3. It’s useless/no use/no good… doing…

在begin, start, continue, intend 等动词后跟v-ing形式和不定式作宾语，句子含义相同 在like, love, hate等动词后v-ing形式作宾语时往往表示一般性的、习惯性的动作；而不定式作宾语则表示在具体情况下特定的或一次性的动作。

下列动词后跟动名词或不定式意思完 全不同。 1. remember, forget, regret + doing 记得/忘记/遗憾曾做过某事 + to do 记得/忘记/遗憾要做某事 2. want, need, require + doing 需要被做 + to do 需要做

3. go on, stop, try, mean go on to do 接着又做另一件事 go on doing 继续做同一件事 stop to do 停下来去做某事 stop doing 停止做某事 try to do 努力做某事 try doing 试一试做某事 mean to do 打算／想做某事 mean doing 意味着／意思是做某事

动名词作定语表名词的作用或功能，现在分词作定语表名词正在进行的动作。 作定语时，与现在分词的区别 动名词作定语表名词的作用或功能，现在分词作定语表名词正在进行的动作。 现在分词 动名词 a sleeping child 一个正在睡觉的孩子 a sleeping car 一辆卧车 a flying bird 一只正在飞翔的鸟 a flying course 飞行课程 a swimming girl 一个正在游泳的女孩 a swimming pool 一个游泳池 the running water 自来水 the running track 跑道

现在分词 (present participle) 现在分词的形式与动名词相同， 但功能不同。可在句中充当定 语，表语，状语和补语。

1. 作定语 the man sitting by the window boiling water falling snow the bridge being built A. 与动名词作定语的区别 B. 与过去分词、不定式作定语的区别

① 过去分词做定语与其修饰词之间 是动宾关系或过去分词表示的动 作已完成。 ② 现在分词作定语表示动作正在发 生，与修饰词是主谓关系。 ③ 不定式作定语表示将要发生的动 作。 the house being built/to be built/built正在被建/将要被建/建好了的房子

2. 作表语 与过去分词作表语的区别 凡表示“令人……的”都是-ing形式， 凡是表示“感到……”都用-ed形式。

interesting 令人感兴趣的 interested 感兴趣的 exciting 令人激动的 excited 感到激动的 delighting 令人高兴的 delighted 感到高兴的 disappointing 令人失望的 disappointed 感到失望的 encouraging 令人鼓舞的 encouraged 感到鼓舞的

pleasing 令人愉快的pleased 感到愉快的 puzzling 令人费解的puzzled 感到费解的 satisfying 令人满意的satisfied 感到满意的 surprising 令人惊异的surprised 感到惊异的 worrying 令人担心的worried 感到担心的

Travelling is interesting but tiring. 旅行是有趣的，但是使人疲劳。 Travelling is interesting but tiring. 如果要学生学得太多，他们会感到糊涂的。 The pupils will get confused if they are made to learn too much. 　他的论点很令人信服。 His argument is very convincing.

3. 作状语 1) Seeing the teacher entering the room, the students stood up. 2) Being a student, he was interested in sports. 3) Having written the letter, John went to the post office. 现在分词作状语时，注意如下三点： 相当于相应的从句 分词的逻辑主语就是全句的主语 现在分词作状语时有不同的时态与语态

4. 作补语 1) Can you get the machine going again? 2) The boys were seen walking on the grass.

非谓语动词的否定式均为not+非谓语动词

一些独立结构： 1. Generally __________ (speak), we have learnt a lot in this school. 2. ________ (judge) from his appearance, he is somebody. 3. ________ (tell) you the truth, your work is terrible. speaking Judging To tell

Can you change the following attributive clauses into verb-ing form Can you change the following attributive clauses into verb-ing form? The verb-ing forms in these sentences are all used as the attribute. 1) A taxi which is waiting is around the corner. Go and take it. A waiting taxi is around the corner. Go and take it.

2) The boy who was smiling ran to his mother. The smiling boy ran to his mother. 3) The woman who is coming to dinner this evening works in the bank. The woman coming to dinner this evening works in the bank.

4) The young man who is looking at the map is lost. The young man looking at the map is lost. 5) The man who is performing in the street can play five musical instruments. The man performing in the street can play five musical instruments.

Rewrite these sentences, using clauses introduced by when, after, because, as a result, and if etc. Knowing that there was a dog outside, the little boy didn’t open the door. Because he knew that there was a dog outside, the little boy didn’t open the door.

Having plenty of money, she was able to go anywhere on holidays. Because she had plenty of money, she was able to go anywhere on holidays. Lucy and Lily, looking so alike, are often mistaken for twins. Lucy and Lily are often mistaken for twins because they look so alike.

The couple went shopping, leaving their eldest daughter alone at home. The couple went shopping. As a result, they left their eldest daughter alone at home. Time permitting, I will meet you for lunch. If time permits, I will meet you for lunch.

______ that she was going off to sleep, Quiz I: Multiple choice ______ that she was going off to sleep, I asked if she’d like that little doll on her bed. (08北京) Seeing B. To see C. See D. Seen 2. We had an anxious couple of weeks _____ for the results of the experiment. (08四川) wait B. to be waiting C. waited D. waiting

3. If we have illegal immigrants ________ in, many local workers will lose their jobs. (08上海春) came B. coming C. to come D. having come 4. My sister, an inexperienced rider, was found sitting on the bicycle ____ to balance it. (08上海) having tried B. trying C. to try D. tried

5. _____ their hats into the air, the fans of the winning team let out loud shouts of victory. (08天津) To throw B. Thrown C. Throwing D. Being thrown 6. He was busy writing a story, only ______ once in a while to smoke a cigarette. (08辽宁) to stop B. stopping C. to have stopped D. having stopped

7. ____ in the fields on a March afternoon, he could feel the warmth of spring. (08安徽) To walk. B. Walking C. Walked D. Having walked 8. ______ that he was in great danger, Eric walked deeper into the forest. (08浙江) Not realized B. Not to realize C. Not realizing D. Not to have realized

Quiz II: Translation 1. 因为不知道怎样去公园，他向警察求 助。 ______________________________, he turned to the police for help. 2. 她由于忙着做饭，看上去有些疲倦。 3. 从他的脸色看，他一定是病了。 ___________________, he must be ill. Not knowing how to go to the park She looked tired with cooking.　 Judging from his face

4. 家长们不应该让孩子们整天学习。 Parents should not ________________ ______________. 5. 当我在街上走时，我看到他了。 __________________, I saw him.   6. 只要你努力学习，就会成功。 have their children  studying all day Walking in the street Working hard, you will succeed. 

7. 他的父母去世了，给他留下一大笔钱。 His parents died, _________________ _______. 8. 请用另外一种方法回答这个问题。   “The trees were planted three years ago,”____________________________ __________(这位农民指着小山高兴地 说).  leaving him a lot of  money Please answer the question using  another way.  said the farmer happily pointing at the hills

Review the use of “verb-ing form”. 2. Preview the next part of this unit.

Thank you!