How to teach English phonetics in junior secondary schools 初中英语语音教学 责任专家：刘道义

Questions for discussion ( 思考题） Why teach phonetics 为什么教语音？ What kind of accent to teach 教哪种英语语音？ What to teach 语音教学包含哪些内容？ When to teach phonetics 何时安排语音教学？ How to teach phonetics 怎样教语音？

Why teach phonetics 为什么教语音？ To help lay a good foundation for learning English vocabulary 语音为词汇学习打基础 To help with listening and speaking 语音影 响听说 To affect reading and writing 语音影响读写

Why teach phonetics 为什么教语音？ To build up students’confidence in learning English 好语音能增强学习英语 的信心 To improve intelligibility 语音影响表意 To create a favorable impression 语音 影响形象

Why is teaching phonetics important? What problems do students have with English pronunciation? Using the wrong sound Making long vowels short Leaving sounds out

Why is teaching phonetics important? Adding sounds Putting stress on the wrong syllable in a word Putting stress on the wrong word in a sentence Using the wrong intonation pattern … (G. Poedjosoedarmo, 2007 )

What kind of accent to teach 教哪种英语语音？ What are the main varieties of English accent? – SSB (Standard Southern British) rather than RP (Received Pronunciation) – GA (General American)

What kind of accent to teach 教哪种英语语音？ Which accent should we teach？ – Either SSB or GA as a basis – Better to expose students to a variety of accents, so that they will be able to understand most people they meet.

What to teach 语音教学包含哪些内容？ What is required in the Curriculum Standards? 1. Pronunciation of 26 letters a, e, i (y), o, u in stressed/unstressed syllables Vowel combinations in stressed syllables Common vowel combinations in stressed syllables

What to teach 语音教学包含哪些内容？ Consonant combinations (ch, dg, th, tch, ph, ng, nk) Consonant clusters (bl-, cl-, fl-, gl-, br-, cr-, sm-, sp-, pr-, qu-) Syllabic sounds (–ble, -ple, -cle, -gle, -dle, -sin, -ten, -ven)

2. Word stress and sentence stress 3. Sound variation liaison （连读） incomplete explosive weak form assimilation （同化） What to teach 语音教学包含哪些内容？

4. Intonation and rhythm sense group and pausing rising and falling tones rhythm What to teach 语音教学包含哪些内容？

5.Use of pronunciation, intonation, stress and rhythm in oral communication 6. Pronunciation and enunciation skills in reading aloud and speeches 7. English pronunciation differences in major English speaking countries (mainly taught in senior high school) What to teach 语音教学包含哪些内容？

Phonic work Without learning phonetic symbols （IPA）直拼法 Letters have sounds. (24) Sounds make up words. Letters combine in syllables to make words. CV CVC CVCE CCVC CVVC CVCC, etc

Phonic work Without learning phonetic symbols （IPA）直拼法 Many words follow a regular pattern, but many don’t. Connect spelling with pronunciation 听其音知其形，见其形知其音

Letters have sounds A a H h J j K k E e B b C c D d G g P p T t V v I i Y y O o U u Q q W w F f L l M m N n S s X x Z z R r

方法一：掐头法学读音 读下列辅音字母名称音，将其第 一个音去掉，余下的音 即为该字母在单词中的读音。 Ff /ef/ Ll /el/ Mm /em/ Nn /en/ Ss /e s / Xx /e ks / /f/ /l/ /m/ /n/ /s/ /ks/ Example 1 案例一

读下列辅音字母名称音，将其后面的音去掉，余下 的音 即为该字母在单词中的读音。 Zz /zi:/ Vv /vi:/ Bb /bi:/ Dd /di:/ Cc /si:/ Jj /d3 e I/ Pp /pi:/ Kk /ke I / Tt /ti:/ /b/ /s/ /k/ /d/ /d3/ /k/ /p/ /t/ /v/ /z/ 方法二：去尾法学音素

Gg Hh Yy Ww Rr 读下列辅音字母在单词中的读音与汉语拼音 g ， h ， y ， w ， r 有相似之处，注意不要混淆。 egg 鸡蛋 hen 母鸡 yes 是的 well 好的 red 红色的 /g//g/ /h//j/ /w//r/ /e g / /hen/ /jes/ /wel/ /red/ 方法三：对比法学读音

Teach phonetic symbols （IPA）教音标 Vowels and consonants元音和辅音的读音示范 有声版国际音标表

a, e, i (y), o, u in stressed syllables Open Close a name /eɪ/ map /æ/ e we /i:/ wet /e/ i hi /aɪ/ hit /ɪ/ (y) why /aɪ/ physics /ɪ/ o note /əʊ/ not /ɒ/ u flute /u:/ flush /ʌ/

a, e, i, o, u, y in unstressed syllables / ə / a bout b a nana hundred parent April pencil second today August success / ɪ / orange village secret eleven tourist English ——Lily forty

Vowel letter combinations in stressed syllables R-syllables ar /ɑ:/ art car far hard garden er /ɜ:/ her hers term nerve service ir /ɜ:/ sir bird girl firm thirty or /ɔ:/ or for torn morn forty ur /ɜ:/ urge fur hurt nurse turning

Vowel letter & vowel letter combinations in stressed syllables 元音字母及其字母组合在重读音节中的读音 /i:/ e ea ee i ie be each feel police field /ɪ/ i e bit England /e/ e ea a best head many /æ/ a bank /ʌ/ u o but come love front mother

Vowel letter & vowel letter combinations in stressed syllables /ɔ:/ or ore oor our al ar born more door four call war au aw ou(gh) cause draw brought /ɑ:/ a(n) a(s) a(th) al ar au dance class father half farm aunt /eɪ/ a ai ay eigh cage rain May eight /aɪ/ i ie igh y hike die light fly /əʊ/ o o(ld) o(st) oa ow hope hold most road grow

Vowel letter & vowel letter combinations in stressed syllables /ɜ:/ er ir ur or ear certain first turn word early /ʊ/ u oo ou full foot could /u: / u o oo ew blue move cool flew /ju:/ u ew use new /ɒ/ o a crop want

Vowel letter & vowel letter combinations in stressed syllables /aʊ/ ou ow count brown /ɔɪ/ oi oy coin toy /ɪə/ ea ear eer ere idea dear deer here /eə/ air are ear eir ere chair care bear their where /ʊə/ our ure oor tour sure poor

Sounds make up words Letters combine in syllables to make words. CV(V) he she no by hi tea die day VC(C) at is us on off ebb add ant CVC hat hen did top cut get fan van CVCE hate Pete home cute kite fame CCVC thin ship than chat shot knot plug CVVC lead coat loud food foot dial CVCC fish cash neck bank cent want Many words follow a regular pattern, but many don’t. give have two one climb often Wednesday

Can you read these words? dab den cod cluck braid dado 轻拍 巢穴 鳕 咯咯叫 辫子 墙裙 duck chuck chuckle 抛，扔 暗自笑 lot log loggerhead 原木 笨蛋 fun fund fundamental 基金 基本的

Word syllables cot cot · tage cot · tager 幼儿床 村舍 村民 pan pan · el pan · elist 专门小组 小组成员 myth myth · ical myth · ology 神话的 神话

Assignment 1 作业（ 1 ） 请对您正在使用的一册初中课 本中的词汇做一调查，把符合拼 读规则的单词挑出来，按照元音 字母或元音字母组合在重读音节 中的拼读规则归类。

Consonants & common consonant combinations b /b/ c /k/, /s/ d /d/ f /f/ g / ɡ /, /d ʒ / h /h/ j /d ʒ / k /k/ l /l/ ， / ɫ / m /m/ n /n/ p /p/ q /k/ r /r/ s /s/, /z/ t /t/ v /v/ w /w/ x /ks/ y /j/ z /z/ ch /t ʃ /, /k/ ck /k/ dr /dr/ ds /ds/ gh /-/ /f/ kn /n/ ng /ŋ/ ph /f/ sh / ʃ / th /θ/, /ð/ tr /tr/ ts /ts/ wh /w/, /h/ wr /r/

Consonant clusters /pl-/ please /pr-/ pride /sl-/ slow /bl-/ bleed /fr-/ fry /sm-/ smoke /fl-/ fleet /kr-/ cry /sn-/ snow /kl-/ clean /ɡr-/ gride /sw-/ swan /ɡl-/ gleam /br-/ bright /sp-/ speak / θ r-/ through /sk-/ skate /st-/ star

Syllabic sounds /b/, /p/, /t/, /d/, /k/, /ɡ/, /f/, /v/, /s/,/z/,/ʃ//ʒ/ + /m/, /n/, /l/ Examples: able apple little middle uncle single often novel person reason bottom seven pencil puzzle lesson fashion version

Assignment 2 作业（2） 请根据前面列举的辅音字母和辅音字母组合的 拼读规则，从现行初中课本中找出合适的例词来， 完成以下表格。表格的开头示例如下： 辅音字母和辅音字母组合的读音 b /b/ back bag buy table bring bright c /k/ car cat card catch close clean /s/ face city pencil …

Word stress A word with two or more than two syllables has word stress. Two syllables doctor teacher worker ▔. again repeat excuse. ↘

Word stress Three syllables or more elephant Saturday exercise visitor ▔˙. tomato expensive suggestion. ▔. a ′ bility al ′ ternative

Sentence stress a book a Chinese book ink and paper Liaison an English class bread and milk it is there is good idea think about it as a matter of fact

Incomplete explosion right now around the corner don’t know egg plant eight pictures ask the doctor Sound change Would you...? Nice to meet you. Did you...?

Intonation — the falling and rising tones I’m an English teacher. Sit down, please. · － · ↘ · ↘... — ↘. —. ↗

Intonation — the falling and rising tones Whose eraser is this? Is the book on the shelf yours? Are the boxes yours or theirs? — — ·. ↘.. _.. _ ↗.. _. ↗ · ↘

You don’t have any brother or sister, do you? What a beautiful day, isn’t it？ · — · —.. ↗ ↘. ↘.. —. —.... ↗ ↘. ↗ —.. ↘ ↘. —.. ↘ ↗

Sense group, pausing and rhythm Twinkle, twinkle, little star, How I wonder ︱what you are. Up above the world so high, Like a diamond in the sky. Twinkle, twinkle, little star, How I wonder ︱what you are. He said ︱ that he wouldn’t be able ︱ to come tomorrow.

Assignment 3 作业（3） 请朗读下面一首小诗，并标出重读音节和语调： Who has seen the wind? Neither I nor you. But when the leaves hang trembling The wind is passing thro’.

Assignment 3 作业（3） 请朗读下面一首小诗，并标出重读音节和语调： Who has seen the wind? Neither you nor I. But when the trees bow down their heads The wind is passing by. — Cristina Rossetti

When to teach phonetics 何时安排语音教学？ Pronunciation practice should come more often at the beginning stage. 起始阶段安排 语音教学 Correcting a pronunciation error on the spot 当场纠音 语音教学贯穿英语教学的全过程

When to teach phonetics 何时安排语音教学？ A planned activity which is in conjunction with focus on words and structure. 结合词 汇与句型教学 Phonetics should be taught in connection with meaningful language practice (e.g. with listening, speaking, reading and writing practice). 结合四项技能训练进行

Three stages of phonetic teaching in junior high school Stage 1 From letters to sounds: a name e he i kite o no u blue Stage 2 From sounds to letters or letter combinations: /i:/ e ea ee i ie be each feel police field

Three stages of phonetic teaching in junior high school Stage 3 Suprasegmental features (超切分音 位特征，即朗读技巧） word stress, sentence stress, liaison, explosive, assimilation, intonation, pause, rhythm, etc

How to teach phonetics 怎样教语音？ Contrast English features with Chinese features (language transfer and interference) Phonic work without learning IPA (国 际音标） Teach phonetic symbols （IPA）

How to teach phonetics 怎样教语音？ Connect phonetic teaching with practice of words, phrases， sentences, texts, etc Train the ears and tongue through listening and speaking Use computers to teach pronunciation and intonation

Contrast English features with Chinese features Similar but not exactly the same A a ≠ 爱 E e ≠ 衣 I i ≠ 哀 O o ≠ 欧 U u ≠ 幼 English voiced consonants are much stronger than the Chinese ones

Contrast English features with Chinese features English unvoiced consonants are much weaker than the Chinese ones Some consonants are almost the same f l Some consonants are not available in Chinese v θ Some consonant combinations are very close c(/ts/) z(/dz/) ch ng sh j m n w

Analyze students common problems What are some of your students’ problems in pronunciation in your area? Can they tell the difference between the following pairs of sounds? /l, n/ /n,ŋ/ /t,θ/ /l, r/ / ð,d/ / s, θ/ /v,w / /e ɪ, a ɪ / /s, ʃ / /z, ð/ /i:, ɪ / / e,æ / / e, ɪ / /e, e ɪ / / æ, ʌ / 北京 湖南 四川 湖北 东北 江苏 上海 The problems depend on the features of their 1st lge.

How to help correct students’ errors in pronouncing sounds Playing with the tongue Use graphs, fingers, mimics, etc.

How to help correct students’ errors in pronouncing sounds Accustoming the ear Use minimal pairs （最小对立体） A sheep A ship

/ i:/ sheep / i / ship

What’s this? Oh! It’s a sheep! What’s that? Oh! It’s a ship! A sheep is not a ship! A ship is not a sheep!

/ e / bedbed / æ / catcat Example 3 案例三 ：广东韶关陈文英、邓彩芬老师提供

What’s this? It’s a bed. What’s on the bed? Oh! My god! It’s a cat! A cat is on the bed!

/ 3: / / ə / a bird the worker The worker has a bird. the worker

/ a :/ father Father is not fa de( 拼音 ); 爸爸 is not /ba: ba:/ /∧//∧/ mother Father and mother, mother and father, they give me a hug( 拥抱 )!

/ ე : / door / D / dogdog Look! It’s a door. What’s behind the door ？ Oh, it’s a dog. A dog is behind the door.

cool look Oh, you look so cool! / / /u:/

/ I/ name I my e / I/ a What’s your name? My name is Mike. What’s your name? I am Kate.

boy goal ( 得分, 进球, 射门 ) ე / i/ /3:/ girl A goal and a girl. / ə / The girl is kicking a goal. The boy is looking at the girl. We kick a goal but can’t kick a girl.

/ a / out here there sure Let’s say it out: Here and there, we are the best! Are you sure? Yes! Here and there, we are the best! /i / ə / e / ə / ə /

Connect phonetic teaching with practice of words, phrases，sentences, texts, etc English alphabet 英语字母 Sounds 音素 Words 词 Phrases 短语 Sentences 句子 Texts 话语、篇章、课文 Practical Writing 应用文 Stories/ Novels 故事、小说 Reports 报道文 Poems 诗歌 Letters Diaries Messages

Computer-aided teaching of pronunciation Pronunciation power by English Computerized Learning Inc., Blackstone Multimedia Corporation (animations showing how sounds are produced; sound discrimination) Compare the user’s waveform with the sample

Example 4 案例四 浙江省特级教师张学雅老师单元拼音 练习 ( 见附件） Example 5 案例五 课堂教学录像 ( 北大附小李瑜老师）

Example 5 (video) Ar makes / ɑː / sound. Er, ir, or, ur make / ɜː / or /ə/ sound. Today is Turtle’s birthday. She is wearing a skirt. Here comes her friend bird. Happy birthday to you, Turtle!

Reference 参考资料 G. Poedjosoedarmo, 中小学英语教师发 展丛书，语音教学入门，人民教育出版社 ， 2007 年 10 月 课程教材研究所：新中国中小学教材建设 史 研究丛书英语卷，人教社， 2010 年 10 月 教语音 — 教外国学生说英语的参考书，中 国人民大学出版社， 2002 年 6 月

Reference 参考资料 曲明文主编：英语语音进阶，上海交通 大学出版社， 1999 年 9 月 葆青， 实用英语语音， 高等教育出版 社， 1988 唐锡玲、黄秀萍，英语语音基础，东北 师大出版社， 2001

Thanks ！