第七部分 文化与翻译

What can you imagine about the following pictures?

第一节 文化和语言的关系 一、文化的含义： The New World Encyclopedia ：Culture 第一节 文化和语言的关系 一、文化的含义： The New World Encyclopedia ：Culture "It is the totality of the spiritual，intellectual，and artistic attitudes shared by a group，including its tradition, habits, social customs，morals，laws，and social relations, Sociologically，every society，on every level， has its culture；the term has no implications of high development."

文化语言学的分类法 物质文化(material culture) 制度文化(institutional culture) 精神文化( mental culture)： 心理文化和观念文化 奈达的分类

Ecology 生态文化 Material Culture 物质文化 Social Culture 社会文化 Religious Culture 宗教文化 Linguistic Culture 语言文化

二、文化、语言与翻译 语言和文化密不可分 语言是文化的一部分，文化又无时无刻影响着语言 语言是文化的载体，又是文化的写照 语言文字当中，处处都打有文化的烙印，语言活动过程中，时时可觅见文化的踪迹 王佐良说："……翻译者必须是一个真正意义的文化人。人们全说：他必须掌握两种语言，确实如此；但是，不了解语言当中的社会文化，谁也无法真正掌握语言。"（《翻译中的文化比较》， 1984．1．《翻译通讯》）。

谭载喜说："翻译中对原文意思的理解，远远不是单纯的语言理解问题。语言是文化的组成部分，它受着文化的影响和制约。……在翻译过程中，译者对某段文字理解的正确与否，在很大程度上取决于他对有关文化的了解。……对于译者来说，没有两种文化的对比知识，就无从谈起对语言文字的正确理解与表达。"

5． 文化的性质： 历史性： 阶级性： 民族性： 延续性（传承性）： 流变性(cultural drift)文化在传承过程中出现的终端、濒临消失或完全消失。 兼容性：人类不同文化形态之间“相互渗透、相互兼容、相互影响以及相互促进从而达到相济相调、相得益彰”的特性。

历史性：文化是一种历史现象

阶级性：

民族性

延续性 岭南文化中的工夫茶:

具体指某一文化在传承过程中，某些传统、习俗、史实、神话、传说等的失传。 流变性(cultural drift) 具体指某一文化在传承过程中，某些传统、习俗、史实、神话、传说等的失传。

兼容性

林语堂曾幽默地说,人类大同生活的概括：理想的生活是这样的:住在英国的乡村，用美国的水电煤气，雇一个中国厨师、娶个日本太太、交个法国情人。 文化交流的结果： 林语堂曾幽默地说,人类大同生活的概括：理想的生活是这样的:住在英国的乡村，用美国的水电煤气，雇一个中国厨师、娶个日本太太、交个法国情人。

II. 文化与翻译的关系 1. 语言是文化的载体，又是文化交流的工具。 2. 如同做心脏手术时不能忽略心脏以外的身体部分一样，我们在翻译时也不能冒险将翻译的言语内容和文化分开处理。（Bassnett, 1994，引自傅晓玲等72-3) 3. 翻译工作者处理的是个别词，他面对的则是两大片文化（王佐良，1989：34） 文化、语言及翻译之间的关系，是一种相辅相成、互为前提的关系。 （引自同上）

4. 通过翻译，大量引进了西方文学、社会科学科技等方面的术语和表达方法： crocodile tears Olive branch Sour grapes Logic Radar Supermarket CEO IELTS: International English language testing system Sit-com: situation comedy

5. 把英语翻译成汉语时，有时会出现“汉外合译”的现象，有人称为“牙缝中夹菜叶子”。 1）I feel honoured to be invited to deliver the keynote address at today's conference on the implications of China's prospective entry into the World Trade Organization (WTO). 我非常荣幸能够应邀到会并作关于中国加入WTO 的影响的主题发言。 2）“Sorry, you are Xed just now?” 不好意思，你刚才被X了（整蛊了）。

3）更多汉外合译的情况： 卡拉OK CD机 X光片 GRE考试 GDP增长速度 APEC会议 做CT FB(腐败)(吃饭聚聚)

6. 译语文化对翻译的影响 She was a striking looking woman, a little short and thick for symmetry, but with a beautiful olive complexion, large dark Italian eyes, and a wealth of deep black hair. (“The Adventure of the Naval Treaty”) 译文1： 她貌颇(日失)丽（Yili），肤色雪白，柔腻如凝脂，双眸点漆，似意大利产。斜波流媚，轻盈动人，而卷发压额，厥色深黑，壮尤美观。形体略短削，微嫌美中不足。 （程小青译）

译文2： 见其身短而壮，面如橄榄，睛黑如意大利人，发黑如漆，面色如霞。 （张德坤译） 译文3： 她长相出众，面如橄榄， 有一副短小壮实， 不太匀称的身材， 一双意大利人的大眼睛， 一头密密的黑发。

译文1中，她变成了典型的中国式美女：皮肤雪白细腻、体态娇小、额前有留海。曹雪芹笔下的美女：“不一时，只见三个奶奶并五六个丫鬟，拥着三位姑娘来了。第一个肌肤微丰，身材合中，腮凝新荔，鼻腻鹅脂，温柔沉默，观之可亲…。” 译文2中，她变成了一个粗笨的女人，在中国读者心中无法产生美女的联想。

第二节 中西文化差异解析 一、文化背景上的不同 中国以农立国，因此农谚居多。 骨瘦如柴 be as lean as a rake 对牛弹琴 第二节 中西文化差异解析 一、文化背景上的不同 中国以农立国，因此农谚居多。 骨瘦如柴 be as lean as a rake 对牛弹琴 cast pearls before swine 滚石不生苔 a rolling stone gathers no mass

众人拾柴火焰高 many hands make light work. 竹篮打水一场空 drawing water in a bamboo basket means drawing nothing.

英国人喜欢航海，因此许多用语源于航海事业。 Hoist your sail when the wind is fair. 好风快扬帆 Still waters run deep. 静水流深 In a calm sea, every man is a pilot. 海面平静，人人都可当舵手。 A small leak will sink a great ship. 小洞不堵要沉大船。

二、风俗上的不同 You are a lucky dog（你是一个幸运儿）， Every dog has his day（凡人皆有得意日）， Old dog will mot learn new tricks（老人学不了新东西）。 形容人“病得厉害”用sick as a dog， “累极了”是dog-tired

如鱼得水 like a duck to water 多如牛毛 as plentiful as blackberries 一箭之遥 at stone’s throw 水中捞月 to fish in the air

石沉大海 remain a dead letter 半瓶子醋 half-baked 守口如瓶 dumb as an oyster

挥金如土 to spend money like water 烂醉如泥 drunk as a sailor 画蛇添足 gild the lily 吹牛 talk horse

如履薄冰 to tread upon eggs 棋逢对手 diamond cut diamond 挂羊头卖狗肉 cry up wine and sell vinegar

四、社交礼节上的不同 你辛苦了 You must have had a tiring journey. You must be tired from a long trip? 长途旅行之后 Well done! That was a hard job. You’ve got a hard job. 刚刚完成一项艰难的任务

饭桶good- for-nothing 吃不开be unpopular 吃不了兜着走land oneself in serious trouble 吃不消be unable to stand 吃不住be unable to bear or support 吃老本live off one's past gains

吃软不吃硬be open to persuasion but not to coercion 吃闲饭lead an idle life 吃香be very popular He has taken the bread out of my mouth． 他砸了我的饭碗。

三、联想上的不同 Mr White is a very white(忠实可靠)man. He was looking rather green(脸色不好)the other day. He has been feeling blue(闷闷不乐)today. When I saw him, he was in a brown mood(心事重重). I hope he'll soon be in the pink(振作起来)again.

第三节 文化因素翻译策略 音译、直译加注、直译 音译加注： Sauna桑拿浴——一种芬兰式的蒸汽浴 Internet因特网——国际互联电脑网络 AIDS爱滋病——一种获得性免疫缺损综合症 a Judas kiss 犹大之吻——喻口蜜腹剑、阴险的背叛，源自《圣经》，指耶酥十二使徒之一犹大以接吻为暗号出卖耶酥，导致耶酥被钉死在十字架上

西施Xishi—a famous beauty in the late Spring and Autumn period in ancient China 气功qigong, a system of deep breathing exercises 磕头kowtow, to touch the forehead to the ground while kneeling, as act of worship, respect, etc. esp. in former Chinese custom

粽子 Zongzi, a kind of glutinous rice dumplings wrapped in bamboo leaves 清明节 Chingming, a traditional Chinese holiday to commemorate the dead observed in late spring 功夫 kung fu, a Chinese martial art based on the use of fluid movements of the arms and legs.

直译： Easy come, easy go. 来得容易，去得快 Strike while the iron is hot 趁热打铁

Practice makes perfect 熟能生巧 Example is better than precept 身教胜于言传 All roads lead to Rome 条条大道通罗马

雪中送炭 to offer fuel in snowy weather 一人得道，鸡犬升天 even the dog swaggers when its master win favor “瓜田李下”来自“瓜田不纳履，李下不整冠” Neither adjust your shoe in a melon patch，nor your hat under a plum tree。

防止假对应词语 “拳头产品” ≠ fist product (clench one’s fist; shake one’s fist等表示“生气”、“愤怒”或者“侵略性” ) 拳头产品＝ knockout product (knockout: outstanding, impressive person or thing 引人注目的人或事）

二、代换法 When in Rome，do as the Romans do. “入乡随俗” “到什么山，唱什么歌” a cat on hot bricks 热锅上的蚂蚁 as stupid as a goose 蠢得象猪 as thin as a shadow 瘦得像猴

过着牛马不如的生活 to lead a dog’s life 湿得像落汤鸡 as wet as a drowned rat 山中无老虎，猴子称霸王 In the land of the blind, the one-eyed man is king.

三、意译 The dog that will fetch a bone will carry a bone.你说别人坏话，他也会说你的坏活 （注解：在译成汉语时，其中的字面形象dog、bone都不能直译，只能舍弃它的字面意义和形象意义，译出隐含意义。） We still love each other very much，but we fight like cat and dog. “我们常吵吵闹闹，但仍很相爱。”

It is another one of those Catch-22 situation: you are damned if you do, you’re damned if you don’t. 这真是又一个左右为难的尴尬局面，做也倒霉，不做也倒霉。

The study has a Spartan look. 这间书房风格简朴。 I wonder whether he is a Trojan Horse. 我怀疑他可能是内奸。 望子成龙 to expect one’s son to become an outstanding personage/ long to see one's son succeed in life

天有不测风云 Something unexpected may happen any time. 狗嘴吐不出象牙。 A filthy mouth can’t utter decent language. 有眼不识泰山。 I fail to recognize your eminence.

第四节：翻译实践 任务：饭店菜单翻译 要求：恰当处理菜单翻译中的文化因素

白灼海螺片 scalded sliced conch

清蒸桂鱼 steamed mandarin fish

爆虾 quick-fried shrimps

鱼香肉丝 shredded pork with garlic sauce

椒盐排骨 spare ribs with pepper and salt

清炖甲鱼 stewed turtle in clear soup

盐水虾 boiled shrimps in salt water

八宝饭 eight jewel rice eight treasure rice pudding

回锅肉 stir-fried boiled pork slices with hot sauce

翡翠虾仁 stir-fried shelled shrimps with peas

红烧狮子头 braised meat balls with brawn sauce

盖浇面 Chinese-style spaghetti

罗汉斋 Buddha’s Delight (special mixed vegetables)

Refer to the Chinese value of family reunion and harmony 全家福 happy family—a combination of shrimps, pork, beef, chicken, lobster and mixed vegetables with brown sauce

叫花鸡 叫化鸡 beggar’s chicken (baked mud-coated chicken)

叫花鸡 beggar’s chicken—there’s a legendary story connected to it. Long long ago there was a beggar. One day he stole a chicken and was pursued by the owner. He was almost caught when he suddenly hit upon a good idea. He smeared the chicken all over with clay, which he found nearby and threw it into the fire he had built to cook it. After a long while the beggar removed the mud-coated from the fire. When he cracked open the clay he found, to his astonishment, that the clay together with the feather had formed a hard shell in which the chicken had been baked into a delicious dish with wonderful flavor. That night he had a very enjoyable meal. Hence the name of the dish.

佛跳墙 Fotiaoqiang (assorted meat and vegetables cooked in embers)

佛跳墙 Buddha Jumping Over the Wall (topmost fare of Fuzhou cuisine, a concoction of practically all delicacies from land and sea stewed in a sealed jar, so-called because legend has it that enticed by its aroma, even the Buddha jumped over the wall to find the source in defiance of religious commandments)

芥末鸭掌 duck webs with mustard sauce

糖醋小排 pork ribs with sweet and sour sauce

清汤银耳 fungus in clear soup

辣子鸡丁 sauté diced chicken with hot chili oil

麻婆豆腐 Ma Po Tofu