List 4

canvass 【考法 1】 v. 仔细检查或详尽地讨论；审查： to examine carefully or discuss thoroughly; scrutinize: 【例】 “The evidence had been repeatedly canvassed in American courts” 证据已在美国的法庭中反复被审查 过。 【考法2】 v. 游说：去（一个地区）的各处或找到（个人）来拉选票或定单： to go through (a region) or go to (persons) to solicit votes or orders 【例】 canvass voters 拉选票 【近】 interview, poll, solicit, survey

capitulate 【考法 1】 v. 投降，默许： to give up all resistance; acquiesce; yield 【例】 one side finally capitulated when it became clear that they couldn’t win the argument 意识到他们不能 拿下这场辩论后，该方投降了 【近】 budge, concede, relent, submit, succumb, surrender, knuckle under 【反】 resist, oppose 抵抗

caprice 【考法 1】 n. 一时冲动的决定： an impulsive change of mind 【例】 an out-of-character caprice led him to take the day off from work and go to the beach 一时冲动让他决 定休假一天，去海滩度假 【近】 crank, fancy, vagary, vagrancy, whimsy 【考法 2】 n. 反复无常，善变： an inclination to change one's mind impulsively. 【例】 his knack for picking racetrack winners appears to owe as much to caprice as it does to a canny assessment of horseflesh 他赌马屡赌虑赢，要归功于自己的反复无常而不是对于赛马本身独到精明的评估【近】 freakishness, impulsiveness, whimsicalness 【反】 confirmation 确认 【派】 capricious adj. 反复无常的，善变 【反】 steadfast, resolute, constant, pertinacious 坚定不变的

captivate 【考法 1】 vt. 吸引： to attract and hold by charm, beauty, or excellence 【例】 I was captivated by her brilliant mind. 我被她的才华横溢所吸引。 【近】 allure, beguile, bewitch, enchant, fascinate, magnetize 【反】 repulse 使烦感

careworn 【考法 1】 adj. 伤心焦虑的： showing the effect of grief or anxiety 【例】 a careworn face 忧心忡忡的脸 【反】 lighthearted 心情愉快的

cardinal 【考法 1】 adj. 主要的，非常重要的： of foremost importance; paramount 【例】 the cardinal rule of medicine: do no harm 药物的首要标准就是无害 【近】 dominant, overbearing, overriding, paramount, preeminent, primal, supreme 【反】 minor 次要的

caricature 【考法 1】 n. 用讽刺歪曲等手法的夸张，漫画，讽刺画： exaggeration by means of often ludicrous distortion of parts or characteristics 【派】 caricaturist n.漫画家 【考法 2】 v. 嘲笑性模仿或夸张： to copy or exaggerate (someone or something) in order to make fun of 【例】 caricatured the supervisor's distinctive walk 模仿督导员独特的走路方式 【近】 burlesque, imitate, mock, parody, spoof, travesty

carnal 【考法 1】 adj. 肉体的，物质的： relating to the physical 【例】 seen with carnal eyes 用肉眼看 || carnal remains 遗体 【近】 corporal, corporeal, fleshly, material, somatic 【反】 spiritual 精神的 【考法 2】 adj. 世俗的： worldly 【例】 a carnal mind 凡心 【近】 earthborn, mundane, temporal, terrestrial, worldly

carouse 【考法 1】 vi. 畅饮，狂饮作乐： to drink liquor freely or excessively 【例】 stay at home instead of going out and carousing with friends 呆在家里而不是出去和朋友们狂饮作乐 【近】 binge, jamboree, revel, roister, wassail

carp 【考法 1】 vi. 对小事吹毛求疵，挑剔： to make often peevish criticisms or objections about matters that are minor, unimportant, or irrelevant 【例】 carped about the order of names on the wedding invitations 对于婚礼请柬上的名单顺序吹毛求疵 【近】 cavil, fuss, niggle, nitpick 【考法 2】 v. 没完没了地表现不满意： to express dissatisfaction, pain, or resentment usually tiresomely 【近】 gripe, grizzle, grouch, grouse, grumble, wail

carve 【考法 1】 vi. 雕刻： to create a three-dimensional representation of (something) using solid material 【例】 carved a statue out of rare marble 用纯的大理石雕刻了一尊雕像 【近】 sculpture 【考法 2】 v. （通过长期不懈努力）产生或导致： to produce or bring about especially by long or repeated effort 【例】 finally carved out a niche for the sport in the school's athletic program 在学校运动计划中寻找到了自 己的定位 || carve out a way through the enemy 从敌营中杀出一条血路 【近】 forge, grind out, thrash out, work out, work up

cast 【考法 1】 n. 演员，演员阵容： a set of characters or persons 【考法 2】 vt. 选派（演员）： to assign (as an actor) to a role or part 【近】 He was cast in the leading role. 他是男一号。 【考法 3】 vt. 提出： to put forth, give off, to place as if by throwing 【例】 cast doubt on their reliability 对它们的可靠性提出质疑 【近】 discharge, emanate, irradiate, issue, shoot, throw out, give out 【考法 4】 v. 抛弃： to get rid of as useless or unwanted 【例】 once she became rich and didn't need them anymore, she cast off all her old friends like so much junk 当她有钱了不再需要朋友了，她把老友像糟粕一样抛弃 【近】 ditch, dump, jettison, toss

castigate 【考法 1】 v. 强烈（公开）指责： to criticize harshly and usually publicly 【例】 The author castigated the prime minister as an ineffective leader. 作者谴责首相行政无作为。 【近】 berate, chastise, lambaste, reprimand, reproach, rebuke, vituperate, excoriate, rail (at or against) 【反】 approbate, accolade, extol 认可，赞美 【考法 2】 v. 惩罚： to inflict a penalty on for a fault or crime 【例】 a judge who believes in castigating criminals to the full extent of the law 法官认为应该最大程度地惩罚 罪犯 【近】 chasten, chastise, correct, discipline, penalize 【反】 excuse, pardon, spare 宽恕

catalyze 【考法 1】 vt. 成为导火索，导致： to be the cause of (a situation, action, or state of mind) 【例】 a reinstitution of the draft would catalyze protests around the country 草案的提出会激发全国范围的抗议 【近】 breed, beget, effectuate, engender, generate, prompt, spawn, yield, result in , bring (about 【反】 retard, prevent, inhibit 阻挠，抑制 【派】 catalyst n. 催化剂：an agent that provokes or speeds significant change or action 【例】 a catalyst for change of lifestyle 生活方式变化的催化剂 【反】 inhibitor 抑制剂

catastrophe 【考法 1】 n. 大灾难： the final event of the dramatic action especially of a tragedy 【近】 apocalypse, calamity, cataclysm, debacle, tragedy 【考法 2】 n. 彻底的失败： utter failure : fiasco 【例】 the party was a catastrophe 该派对就是一个杯具 【近】 bummer, debacle, disaster, fiasco, fizzle, washout 【反】 blockbuster, hit, smash, success, winner 大胜

categorical 【考法 1】 adj. 没有例外的，无条件限制的，绝对的： being without exception or qualification; absolute 【例】 a categorical denial 完全的否认 【近】 definite, downright, fair, utter, thorough, unalloyed, unconditional, unqualified 【反】 conditional, qualified 有条件的

catholic 【考法 1】 adj. 普遍的，包容的： not limited or specialized in application or purpose 【例】 a catholic taste in music 对于音乐的兼容并包的品味 【近】 unlimited, unqualified, unrestricted, unspecialized, all-around (also all-round) 【反】 narrow, limited, restricted, specialized 狭隘的

caustic 【考法 1】 adj. 腐蚀性的： capable of destroying or eating away by chemical action : corrosive 【例】 The chemical was so caustic that it ate through the pipes. 化学性质如此具有腐蚀性，以至于把管道都腐 蚀了。 【反】 palliating 减缓的 【考法 2】 adj. 挖苦讽刺的，刻薄的： marked by incisive sarcasm 【例】 caustic movie reviews 尖酸刻薄的影评 【近】 acerbic, acrid, barbed, mordant, pungent, sardonic, satiric, scathing, sharp 【反】 genial, smooth, kind, innocuous 和蔼的，（言论，行为等）无害的

caveat 【考法 1】 n. 警告，告诫： a warning of a specific limitation of something such as information or an agreement 【例】 a final caveat 最终的告诫 【近】 warning, admonish

cavil 【考法 1】 v. 挑剔，吹毛求疵： to find fault unnecessarily; raise trivial objections :quibble 【例】 Let us not cavil too much. 让我们别太挑剔。 || caviling about the price of a cup of coffee 对一杯咖啡 的价钱挑刺 【近】 carp, fuss, niggle, nitpick, quibble

cavort 【考法 1】 vi. 欢快地蹦跳或行走，雀跃： to bound or prance about in a sprightly manner; caper 【例】 Children are cavorting in the sand. 孩子们在沙子中嬉戏。 【近】 caper, disport, frisk, gambol, rollick, romp 【反】 trudge 蹒跚地走

cede 【考法 1】 vt. （根据条约）放弃，割让： to surrender possession of, especially by treaty 【例】 cede the island to America 把岛屿割让给了美国 【近】 relinquish, render, yield, renounce, resign, turn in, turn over, step aside (from), give up, hand over, lay down 【反】 possess 拥有

cement 【考法 1】 n./v. 粘合： a uniting or binding force or influence 【例】 justice is the cement that holds a political community together 正义是让政治个体团结的粘合剂 【近】 cord, knot, link, tie

censor 【考法 1】 vt. 审查并删除不良的东西： to examine in order to suppress or delete anything considered objectionable 【例】 censor the news 审查新闻 【近】 bowdlerize, expurgate, red-pencil, clean up 【派】 censorship n. 审查制度

censorious 【考法 1】 adj. 挑剔指责的： highly critical. 【例】 censorious comment 尖刻的评论 【反】 eulogistic 赞美的

censure 【考法 1】 v. 公开表示反对，谴责： to express public or formal disapproval of 【例】 He was censured by the committee for his failure to report the problem. 他因为未上报事故受到了委员会 的指责。 【近】 condemn, denounce, objurgate, rebuke, reprimand, reproach, reprehend, pan 【反】 commend, extol, laud, endorse 支持，赞同

census 【考法 1】 n. 户口普查： an official survey of the population of a country that is carried out in order to find out how many people live there and to obtain details of such things as people's ages and jobs 【近】 tale, tally

cessation 【考法 1】 n. 终止，暂停： the stopping of a process or activity 【例】 the cessation of the storm was a relief 暴风雪终于停了，真是让人欣慰 【近】 check, cutoff, closure, discontinuance, expiration, halt, shutdown, termination 【反】 commencement, start continuation 开始，继续

chaff 【考法 1】 v. 开玩笑： to make jokes 【例】 a coworker who likes to chaff at others' expense, and this often results in hurt feelings 这个同事喜欢开 别人玩笑，导致伤害他人感情 【近】 banter, gag, jape, jest, quip, wisecrack

chagrin 【考法 1】 n. 沮丧，懊恼： disquietude or distress of mind caused by humiliation, disappointment, or failure 【例】 He thought for a minute, anger and chagrin mixing with the embarrassment on his face. 他考虑了一 会儿，脸上出现了愤怒、懊恼和尴尬的复杂表情【反】 elation, cheerfulness, proud satisfaction, delight 兴高采烈

chameleon 【考法 1】 n. 变色龙，善变的人：a person who dexterously and expediently changes or adopts opinions 【例】 at the summer resort he acquired a reputation as a social chameleon—someone who could be whatever his hosts wanted him to be 在度假胜地，他解释了一个被称为社交多面手的人，那人可以变成主人想要的任何角色 【近】 chancer, opportunist, temporizer, timeserver, trimmer, weathercock

champion 【考法 1】 vt. 支持 / n. 支持者： to fight for, defend, or support as a champion 【例】 to champion the cause of civil rights 支持民权事业 【近】 advocate, back, endorse, patronize, plump for 【反】 disparage, impugn, oppose 贬低，反对

chaos 【考法 1】 n. 混乱 a condition or place of great disorder or confusion. 【例】 the boy's room is in such chaos that it looks as though a tornado had struck 小男孩的房间如此得混乱 以至于看起来像台风来袭 【近】 disarrangement, dishevelment, disorder, disarray, havoc, mess, muddle, jumble, welter 【反】 order 有秩序 【派】 chaotic adj. 混乱的，无序的：happening in a state of complete disorder and confusion 【反】 strictly structured, strictly featured 构造严谨的，特征严谨的

charade 【考法 1】 n. 装模作样： a display of emotion or behavior that is insincere or intended to deceive 【例】 His concern was a charade. 他的关心只是装模作样【近】 disguise, facade, playacting, pretense, put-on, semblance 【考法 2】 n. 动作字谜： a game in which words or phrases are represented in pantomime

charlatan 【考法 1】 n. 骗子： a person who makes elaborate, fraudulent, and often voluble claims to skill or knowledge; a quack or fraud. 【例】 the famed broker turned out to be a charlatan 一位有声望的经纪人结果是个骗子 【近】 fake, fraud, hoaxer, mountebank, phony, pretender, quack, imposter

chary 【考法 1】 adj. 非常谨慎的： very cautious 【例】 chary investors who weren't burned by the dot-com bust 那些没有受到互联网萧条影响的谨慎投资者 们 【近】 alert, cautious, circumspect, conservative, gingerly, guarded, heedful, wary 【反】 rash, bold 卤莽的

chase 【考法 1】 v. 镂雕（金属）以装饰： to decorate (metal) by engraving or embossing. 【考法 2】 v. 驱赶： to drive or force out 【例】 chase the cat out of the garden 把猫赶出园子 【近】 banish, dismiss, expel, extrude, kick out, cast out

chasm 【考法 1】 n. 分歧，意见、利益或忠诚上的明显差异： a pronounced difference of opinion, interests, or loyalty. 【近】 contradiction, dissent, disjunction, discord, conflict, rift, rivalry, dichotomy

chauvinistic 【考法 1】 adj. 盲目爱国的： having or showing excessive favoritism towards one's own country 【例】 At times I have also been aggressive, chauvinistic and hot-tempered. 我曾经非常好斗，愤青，还脾气 暴躁。 【近】 jingoist, jingoistic, nationalistic, superpatriotic

check 【考法 1】 vt. 突然停止，阻止： to arrest the motion of abruptly 【例】 a tree finally checked the skidding car 一辆滑行的车终于被大树停止了 【近】 arrest, stall, bridle, contain, curb, tame, bring up, draw up, hold up, pull up 【反】 propagate, goad, hasten 扩增，驱使，促进 【考法 2】 vt. 同意，一致： to be in agreement on every point 【例】 their story of what happened checks with the report of the eyewitness 他们的说法和目击者的供词一 致 【近】 accord, cohere, conform, correspond, dovetail, fit, harmonize, jibe, tally 【反】 differ, disagree with 反对

cherubic 【考法 1】 adj. 天使般可爱的：innocent-looking usually chubby and rosy 【例】A representation of Cupid as a naked, cherubic boy usually is used as a symbol of love. 丘比特作为小天使 般的少年裸体画像被用作爱的象征 【反】fiendish, devilish 恶魔般的

chicanery 【考法 1】 n．诡计多端，欺骗 ：deception by artful subterfuge or sophistry 【例】 Well-doer never does chicanery and person who is good at chicanery does not belong well-doer. 善者不 辩，辩者不善。|| He wasn't above using chicanery to win votes. 他不是用欺骗来赢得选票的。 【近】deception, artifice, legerdemain, wile, subterfuge 【反】aboveboard action 光明正大的行为；honest dealing 诚实的行为；forthrightness 坦白

chide 【考法 1】 v. 责备：to scold mildly so as to correct or improve 【例】My wife chided me for forgetting to offer our guests some refreshments. 我妻子责备我忘记给客人们点心。 【近】reprove, reprimand, reproach, tick off 【反】praise, commend 称赞

choleric 【考法 1】 adj. 易怒的，暴躁的：easily angered; bad-tempered. 【例】choleric disposition 易怒的性情 || men of the choleric type take to kicking and smashing 易怒的人喜欢踢和 打碎东西 【近】crabby, cranky, irascible, peevish, petulant, bad-tempered, hot-tempered, short-tempered, testy 【反】difficult to provoke, pacific, placid, calm, serene, tranquil, composed, nonchalant 难以被激怒的，平静的 【派】choler n. 易怒：ready disposition to irritation : irascibility also : anger 【考法 2】 adj. 生气的：feeling or showing anger: angry, irate【例】I absolutely get choleric when a salesman calls during the dinner hour. 当一个推销员午休时间打来电话的 时候我彻底愤怒了【近】angered, apoplectic, ballistic, enraged, furious, incensed, inflamed, enflamed, infuriated, irate, ireful, outraged, rankled, riled, wrathful 【反】angerless, delighted, pleased

chord 【考法 1】 vi. 和谐一致；符合：to be in accord; agree. 【例】The revised system chords perfectly with the original goals. 新版的系统非常符合最初的目标。 【近】accord, agree, conform, consist, correspond, dovetail, fit, harmonize, jibe, rhyme, square, tally 【反】differ from, disagree with

chromatic 【考法 1】 adj. 彩色的： relating to colors or color 【例】the chromatic paintings of Matisse and the other Fauvists 马蒂斯和其他野兽派画家的彩色画 【近】colored , colorful, motley, multicolored, multihued, varicolored, variegated, kaleidoscopic 【反】colorless, pallid, blanched 无色的；monochromatic, monochromic, monotone, self-colored 单色的

chronic 【考法 1】 adj. 经常发生的，复发的：marked by long duration or frequent recurrence 【例】chronic disease 慢性病 【近】frequent, usual, routine 【反】sporadic 偶然发生的；infrequent 不经常的 【考法 2】 adj. 习惯性的，不可能改变的：being such by habit and not likely to change 【例】a chronic smoker who has quit many times 一个戒了很多次烟的老烟民 【近】inveterate

churl 【考法 1】 n. 粗野的人; a rude, boorish person 【例】By the 19th century, ‘churl’ had a new and pejorative meaning, “one inclined to uncivil or loutish behavior”. 19 世纪的时候，churl 有了一个新的贬义含义的意思，“一个粗鲁没有教养的人” 【近】boor, lout 【派】churlish adj. 粗野的，暴躁的：of, like, or befitting a churl; boorish or vulgar 【近】crude, coarse, boorish, loutish, uncultured, unpolished 【反】genteel, complaisance, courtly, polished 文雅的，彬彬有礼的；sophisticated 机智圆滑的 【考法 2】 n. 吝啬鬼：a mean grasping person who is usually stingy with money 【例】Don't bother asking a churl for donations. 别自找麻烦向一个吝啬鬼要捐款。 【近】miser, niggard, skinflint, penny-pincher 【反】generous/ liberal/ munificent person 慷慨的人；waster, wastrel, spendthrift, prodigal, profligate, dissipater 败家子

cipher 【考法 1】 n. 无影响或无价值的人：a person of no importance or influence 【例】The intern is a mere cipher in the company. 这个实习生在公司里是个无足轻重的小人物。 【近】dwarf, half-pint, insect, insignificancy, lightweight, morsel, nonentity, nothing, nullity, snippersnapper, whippersnapper, zero 【反】big shot, big wheel, bigwig, eminence, figure, personage 【考法 2】 v. 计算（价值）：to determine (a value) by doing the necessary mathematical operations 【例】We were surprised by how much we had spent on the cruise after we had ciphered out the grand total. 当 我们算出我们沉船游览的总花费时，我们都惊呆了。 【近】compute, work out 【考法 3】 n. 密码： a method of transforming a text in order to conceal its meaning 【例】convert their messages into cipher 把他们的信息转换成密码 【近】code, secret message

circuitous 【考法 1】 adj. 不直接的：not being forthright or direct in language or action 【例】We took a circuitous route to the airport so as to avoid the massive traffic jam. 我们走了一条迂回的路线 去机场来躲避堵车【近】indirect, circular, roundabout 【反】direct, straight, straightforward 直接的 【派】circuity n. 不直接：lack of straightforwardness 【反】straightforwardness, direction 直接 【考法 2】 adj. 冗长的：using or containing more words than necessary to express an idea 【例】a circuitous explanation for what seems like a fairly basic concept 对一个非常基本的概念的冗长的解释 【近】circumlocutory, diffuse, long-winded, prolix, rambling, verbose, windy 【反】compact, concise, pithy, succinct, terse 简洁的

circumlocution 【考法 1】 n. 绕圈子的说话：the use of unnecessarily wordy and indirect language, evasion in speech 【例】The other son of your parents’ is a circumlocution for your brother. 你父母的其他儿子是你兄弟的绕圈 子的说法。 【近】equivocation, shuffle, tergiversation 【反】pithy utters, straightforward utter , express succinctly 简洁地表达；direct encounter 直接面对 【派】circumlocutory a. 绕圈子的 【反】direct 直接的 【考法 2】 n. 冗长：the use of too many words to express an idea 【例】your papers have to be five pages long, but that's five pages of substance, not circumlocution. 你的论文要 求是 5 页，但是那 5 页都是实质内容，不是废话【近】diffuseness, diffusion, long-windedness, prolixity, redundancy, verbalism, verboseness, verbosity, windiness, wordage, wordiness 【反】conciseness, concision, pithiness, succinctness, terseness 简洁

circumscribe 【考法 1】 vt. 限制：to limit narrowly; restrict 【例】Teammates circumscribed his enthusiasm so as not to make the losing side feel worse. 队友们抑制了他的 热情为了不让失败者更难过。 【近】cap, limit, confine, delimit, restrict 【反】exceed 超过，超越 【考法 2】 vt. 包围，围绕：to surround by or as if by a boundary 【例】fields circumscribed by tall trees 被高树包围的地方 || Circumscribe a circle around a square. 画正方形的 外接圆【近】surround, encompass

circumspect 【考法 1】 adj. 谨慎的；小心的：careful to consider all circumstances and possible consequences: prudent 【例】 The banks should have been more circumspect in their dealings. 银行本应该在它们的交易当中更加谨慎【近】alert, careful, gingerly, guarded, heedful, prudent, cautious, chary, wary 【反】careless, incautious, unmindful, unwary 不小心，不谨慎的；audacious, reckless 大胆的，鲁莽的

circumvent 【考法 1】 vt. 躲避（不遵从）：to avoid having to comply with (something) especially through cleverness 【例】circumvent all the red tape 绕过所有官方程序繁文缛节 || He found a way to circumvent the law. 他发现了 一个逃避法律的方法。 【近】avoid, bypass, dodge, sidestep, skirt, get around 【反】comply with, follow, obey, observe 遵从；confront, direct encounter 直接面对

civility 【考法 1】 n. 彬彬有礼：courteous behavior; politeness 【例】They greeted us with civility. 他们有礼貌地招呼我们。 【近】politeness, courtesy, politeness, genteelness, gentility, graciousness 【反】discourteousness, discourtesy, impoliteness, incivility, rudeness, surliness, ungraciousness 无礼，粗鲁

claim 【考法 1】 v. 要求（权利）：to ask for especially as a right 【例】a fragile claim to fame 对名誉不切实际的要求 || After many years had passed, he suddenly appeared to claim his inheritance. 很多年已经过去，他突然出现要求继承遗产。 【近】call for, command, quest 【反】renounce 放弃 【考法 2】 v. 断言：to state as a fact usually forcefully 【例】People claim that they have been kidnapped by aliens. 人们断言称他们被外星人绑架了【近】allege, assert 【反】deny, gainsay 否认 【考法 3】 v. 剥夺生命：to deprive of life 【例】Cancer claims hundreds of thousands of Americans each year. 癌症每年要剥夺成千上万美国人的生命【反】animate 使有生命 【考法 4】 n. 权利：a legal right to participation in the advantages, profits, and responsibility of something 【例】A shareholder has a claim in the business. 股东在企业有权利（收益权、选举权等）。

clandestine 【考法 1】 adj. 隐藏的，秘密的：kept or done in secret, often in order to conceal an illicit or improper purpose 【例】their clandestine love affair 他们的秘密恋情 【近】secret, covert, furtive, surreptitious, sneaky, stealthy, undercover, underground, underhand, underhanded 【反】open, overt, public 公开的； aboveboard 光明正大的

clarion 【考法 1】 adj. 清楚响亮的：loud and clear 【例】clarion call for democracy 对民主的高声呼吁 || The Internationale is a clarion call to the labouring people of the world. 《国际歌》是唤起全世界劳动人民的响亮号角。 【反】soft and indistinct 柔和模糊的

clarity 【考法 1】 n.清晰、清楚：the quality or state of being clear: lucidity 【例】 Clarity of diction is vital for a XDF teacher. 发音清楚对新东方老师来说是至关重要的。 【近】 clarity, explicitness, lucidity, lucidness, perspicuity, perspicuousness 【反】 obscureness, obscurity, unclarity 模糊，不清晰 【派】 clarify v. 澄清，使清晰：to free of confusion 【例】 clarify his mind 理清思路；clarify a subject 澄清某一问题 【近】 purify, clear, elucidate, explain, illuminate, illustrate 【反】 obfuscate, obscure 【考法 2】 n. 清澈透明：the state or quality of being easily seen through 【例】mountain streams with water of incredible clarity 难以置信般清澈透明的山涧 【近】clearness, limpidity, limpidness, translucence, translucency, transparency 【反】cloudiness, opacity, opaqueness, turbidity, turbidness 浑浊，不透明

clasp 【考法 1】 n./v. 紧握：the act or manner of holding 【例】Be careful that your clasp on the cat isn't too tight, or she could get hurt. 注意别抓那只猫太紧，否则她会受 伤的。 【近】clench, grapple, grasp, grip, handgrip, handhold

clement 【考法 1】 adj. 宽容的，善良的：tolerant and kind in the judgment of and expectations for others 【例】 Clement judge reduced the sentence. 仁慈的法官减轻了刑罚。 【近】 charitable, lenient, merciful 【反】 harsh, severe, stern, strict 严厉的,严格的 【派】 clemency n. 仁慈 【考法 2】 adj. 气候温和的：marked by temperatures that are neither too high nor too low 【例】 Hawaii is known for its delightfully clement climate. 夏威夷以它宜人的温和气候著称。 【近】 mild, genial, gentle, balmy, equable 【反】 harsh, inclement, severe 严酷的

cliché 【考法 1】n./ adj. 陈词滥调（的）：a hackneyed theme, characterization, or situation 【例】 Cliché is a feature of bad news. 拙劣的新闻的特征是使用陈词滥调【近】 banality, bromide, platitude, trite, bathetic, hackneyed, stereotypical 【反】 fresh, new, original, creative 新的，创造性的

clog 【考法 1】 n. 阻碍物：something that makes movement or progress difficult 【例】impede with a clog 用障碍物阻止 【近】balk, bar, block, deterrent, drag, fetter, holdback, hurdle, impediment, inhibition, interference, obstacle, obstruction, shackles, stop, stumbling block, trammel 【考法 2】 v. 阻碍：to create difficulty for the work or activity of 【例】They always clog the courts. 他们一直阻挠法庭工作。 【近】encumber, fetter, hinder, hold back, hold up, impede, inhibit, interfere with, obstruct, shackle, stymie, tie up, trammel 【反】aid, assist, help 帮助；facilitate 促进 【考法 3】 v. 堵塞：to prevent passage through by filling with something 【例】Within a few years the pipe began to clog up. 没有几年，管子就开始堵塞了。 【近】block, choke, clot, gum up, jam, obstruct, occlude, stop up, stuff 【反】clear, free, open up, unblock, unclog, unstop

【考法 1】 n. 密集的一群：a number of things considered as a unit 【例】A clot of daisies occupied one corner of the flower bed. 一簇雏菊占据了花床的一角【近】array, assemblage, band, block, bunch, cluster, clutch, collection, constellation, grouping, huddle, knot, lot, muster, package 【考法 2】 v. 堵塞：to prevent passage through by filling with something 【例】Within a few years the pipe began to clog up. 没有几年，管子就开始堵塞了【近】block, choke, clog, gum up, jam, obstruct, occlude, stop up, stuff 【反】clear, free, open up, unblock, unclog, unstop 【考法 3】 v. 凝结：to turn from a liquid into a substance resembling jelly 【例】Scabs form over cuts when your blood starts to clot. 当血液开始凝结的时候，伤口处会形成血痂【近】congeal, jell, jelly clot

cloudburst 【考法 1】 n. 突然一场暴雨：a sudden copious rainfall 【例】The weatherman warned of possible cloudbursts in the afternoon. 天气预报员警告到下午可能有暴雨。 【近】downfall, downpour

clout 【考法 1】 n. 权力，影响力：influence ; pull 【例】The queen may have privilege but she has no real political clout. 女王有特权, 但无真正的政治影响力【近】power, influence, capacity, heft, leverage 【反】impuissance, impotence 无力

cloying 【考法 1】 adj. 甜得发腻的，感情用事的：excessively sweet or sentimental 【近】lovey-dovey, maudlin, mawkish, saccharine, sentimental 【反】unsentimental 【例】the cloying sentiments of so many Mother's Day cards 这么多母亲节贺卡（所蕴含）的甜蜜感情

clumsy 【考法 1】 adj. 笨拙的：lacking or showing a lack of nimbleness in using one's hands；a lack of skill and tact 【例】turn out to be a clumsy sleight of hand 弄巧成拙 【近】awkward, ham-handed, heavy-handed, maladroit, unhandy, bungling, inept, maladroit 【反】adroit, deft, dexterous, dexterous, handy 熟练的，灵巧的 【考法 2】 adj. 不文雅的：lacking social grace and assurance；showing an inability to move in a graceful manner 【例】be clumsy on the dance floor 在舞池表现不优雅的 【近】awkward, graceless, ungainly, gauche, inelegant, rustic, ungraceful 【反】graceful, urbane, refined 【考法 3】 adj. 不精致的 hastily or roughly constructed 【例】A clumsy mock-up of the real thing 一个粗糙的实物模型 【近】rough, unrefined 【反】refined 精致的

coagulate 【考法 1】 v. 凝结,使变稠：to cause to become viscous or thickened into a coherent mass : curdle, clot 【例】The blood coagulates to stop wounds bleeding. 血液会凝结以防止伤口流血。 【近】clot, congeal, jelly 【反】melt, liquefy, fluidify, dissolve 融化，溶解；thin 使变稀薄 【派】coagulant n. 凝结剂：an agent that causes a liquid to coagulate

coalesce 【考法 1】 v.合并,融合 to unite into a whole: fuse 【例】Different units coalesced into one army 不同的党派融合成了一支部队 【近】associate, coalesce, combine, conjoin, connect, couple, fuse, interfuse, join, link (up), unify, unite 【反】break up, dissever, section, separate, sever, split, sunder, unlink, disband 分开，解散

coax 【考法 1】 vt. 哄骗：to persuade or try to persuade by pleading or flattery; cajole 【例】 coax a child to take its medicine 哄小孩吃药 【近】 blandish, cajole, wheedle, palaver

coda 【考法 1】 n. 终曲：the concluding passage of a movement or composition 【例】A song includes prelude, loud song and coda. 一首歌包括前奏，高潮和尾声。 【近】finale, epilogue 【反】overture, prelude 前奏

coerce 【考法 1】 vt. （以武力）强制：to achieve by force or threat 【例】be coerced into agreeing 被强迫同意 || A confession was coerced from the suspect by police. 罪犯被警 察逼供。 【近】force, threaten, compel 【派】coercion n. 强力压迫：the act of persuading someone forcefully to do something that they do not want to do 【反】voluntary behavior 自愿的行为

coeval 【考法 1】 adj. 同时代的，同龄的：of the same or equal age, antiquity, or duration 【例】Two stars thought to be coeval because they have nearly the same mass and brightness. 两个星星同龄因 为他们的质量和亮度几乎相同【近】coetaneous, coexisting, concurrent, contemporaneous, simultaneous, synchronic, synchronous 【反】asynchronous, noncontemporary, nonsimultaneous 不同时的

cogent 【考法 1】 adj. 令人信服的：appealing forcibly to the mind or reason: convincing 【例】 Six Sigma is one of the most cogent methods for modern enterprises to control quality and optimizing process. “六西格玛”方法是现代企业进行质量控制和工艺优化最令人信服的方法之一。 【近】 convincing, compelling, conclusive, telling, persuasive, satisfying 【反】 unconvincing, unpersuasive 不令人信服的 【考法 2】 adj. 相关的：pertinent, relevant 【例】a cogent analysis 一项相关的研究 【近】apropos, germane, relative, relevant 【反】extraneous, irrelevant, impertinent, irrelative 无关的

cognizant 【考法 1】 adj. 知道的，意识到的：fully informed; conscious; aware 【例】We are cognizant of the problem. 我们已经意识到了问题【近】aware, conscious, witting, apprehensive, sensible 【反】oblivious, unconscious, unaware, unmindful 没意识到的 【派】incognizance n. 不认识，没有知识

collapse 【考法 1】 vi. 突然倒塌或收缩：to fall or shrink together abruptly and completely 【例】President Bush is vowing to rebuild bridge which collapsed last year. 布什总统发誓要重建这座去年坍塌 的桥梁。|| One ant-hole may cause the collapse of a thousand-li dyke. 千里之堤，毁于蚁穴【近】compact, condense, constrict, constringe, contract , implode, squeeze 【反】decompress, expand, open, outspread, outstretch 展开，扩张 【考法 2】 n. 完全耗尽体力：a complete depletion of energy or strength 【例】He suffered a mental collapse under the strain of studying for his bar exam. 他在紧张的律师考试的复习 下脑力消耗殆尽 【近】exhaustion, tiredness, lassitude, weariness 【反】refreshment, rejuvenation, revitalization 重新充满活力 【考法 3】 v./n. 失败 to be unsuccessful/ a falling short of one's goals 【例】the legal case collapsed in the face of the opposition's evidence 【近】defeat, nonachievement, nonsuccess 【反】accomplishment, achievement, success

collude 【考法1】 v. 串通，共谋（做坏事）：to act together secretly to achieve a fraudulent, illegal, or deceitful purpose; conspire 【例】collude with competitors to control the price 与竞争者合谋以控制价格 【近】connive, conspire, contrive, intrigue, machinate, put up 【反】act independently 单独行动

colossal 【考法 1】 adj. 巨大的：of a size, extent, or degree that elicits awe or taxes belief; immense 【例】a colossal waste of public money 对公共财产的巨大浪费 【近】huge, giant, titanic, gargantuan, mammoth, tremendous, elephantine, prodigious 【反】tiny, micro, minute, miniature, minuscule, wee, infinitesimal 微小的

coltish 【考法 1】 adj. 不守纪律的：not subjected to discipline 【反】 disciplined 遵守纪律的 【考法 2】 adj. 爱开玩笑的：given to good-natured joking or teasing 【例】Off camera the actor is high-spiritedly coltish, but turns serious once the camera starts rolling. 镜头下这个 演员是很喜欢开玩笑，但是当镜头开启，他就马上变得严肃了起来 【近】antic, frisky, frolicsome, larky, spotftul 【反】earnest, serious-minded, sober 严肃的

coma 【考法 1】 n. 昏迷，深度无知觉：a state of profound unconsciousness caused by disease, injury, or poison 【例】The girl lay in a coma for three days after the accident. 那个女孩在事故之后已经昏迷了三天了 【近】insensibility, blackout, knockout 【反】consciousness, awareness 有知觉 【考法 2】 n. 迟钝，冷漠： a state of mental or physical sluggishness : torpor 【近】sluggish, torpor 【反】activity, animation 有活力；alacrity 敏捷

combustible 【考法 1】 adj. 可燃的：capable of igniting and burning 【例】release a combustible gas 释放出可燃性气体 【近】burnable, combustive, flammable, ignitable, inflammable 【反】incombustible, nonburnable, noncombustible, nonflammable, noninflammable, unburnable 不可燃的； fireproof 防火的 【考法 2】 adj. 容易激动的：easily excited 【例】a high-strung combustible temper 一碰就火的性格 【近】excitable, agitable, touchy

comely 【考法 1】 n. 漂亮的，吸引人的：pleasing and wholesome in appearance; attractive 【例】a comely young woman 年轻美丽的女人 【近】attractive, cute, fair, good-looking, gorgeous, handsome, lovely, pretty, ravishing, well-favored, seemly. stunning 【反】homely, ill-favored, ugly unattractive, unbeautiful, uncomely, uncute, unhandsome, unlovely, unpleasing, unpretty 不好看的

comity 【考法 1】 n. 友好，社会和谐：friendly social atmosphere ：social harmony 【例】group activities promoting comity 促进和谐氛围的团队活动 || comity of nations 国际礼节 【近】compatibility, concord, peace 【反】conflict, discord, dissension 冲突，不和

commencement 【考法 1】n. 开始：a beginning; a start. 【例】There was a large turnout at the commencement of the conference, but the numbers dwindled as it progressed. 在会议开始的时候，有很多人出席。但是随着会议的发展，人慢慢变少了【近】birth, onset, outset, start, genesis, inception, nascence, threshold 【反】close, conclusion, end, ending 结束 【考法 2】 n. 毕业典礼 the ceremonies or the day for conferring degrees or diplomas 【例】The purpose of a commencement speaker is to dispense wisdom. 毕业典礼的演讲者的目的是传播智 慧【反】matriculation 录取入学

commend 【考法 1】 vt. 赞扬：to mention with approbation: praise 【例】Jason commended his students' studious attitude. Jason 表扬了他的学生的用功的态度【近】approbate, praise, acclaim, applaud, compliment, eulogize, extol 【反】blame, criticize, reprehend, reprobate, chide, rebuke, reprimand, reproach, reprove, censure, admonish berate, deplore, execrate 责备，批评，谴责诅咒，憎恶，痛骂 【考法 2】 vt. 委托保管：to entrust for care or preservation 【例】I commend my fate into your hands. 我的命运就拜托给你了【近】commit, delegate, deliver, entrust, confide, consign, hand over 【反】hold, keep, retain 【考法 3】 vt. 推荐：to recommend as worthy of confidence or notice 【例】I commend this book to anyone interested in learning more about American history. 我把这本书推荐给所 有对美国历史感兴趣的人。

commensurate 【考法 1】 adj. 同样大小的：equal in measure or extent 【例】Five yards is commensurate with fifteen feet. 5 码等于 15 英尺【近】equal, tantamount 【反】unequal, disparate, preponderant 不相同的，（重量，重要性，数量上）超过的 【考法 2】 adj. 相称的，相当的：corresponding in size or degree; proportionate 【例】a job commensurate with her abilities 一份与她能力相称的工作 【近】commensurable, commensurate, proportionate 【反】disproportionate 不相称的

commingle 【考法 1】 v. 充分混合：to blend thoroughly into a harmonious whole 【例】Ground waters originating in different beds commingle. 来源于不同层位的地下水相互混合。|| Fact and fiction commingle in the story. 事实和虚构混合成了故事【近】amalgamate, fuse, mix, immix, commix, compound, mingle, immingle, intermingle, intermix, merge 【反】break down, break up, separate, unmix 分开

commitment 【考法 1】 n. 致力，投入：the state or an instance of being obligated or emotionally impelled 【例】a commitment to a cause 投身于某项事业 【近】dedication, devotedness, fealty, piety, steadfastness 【考法 2】 n. 确信：a strong belief in something 【近】 conviction, belief, faith 【考法 3】 n. 承诺，表态：the act of revealing one’s view of 【例】He made a commitment to pay the rent on time. 他承诺按时交房租【反】ambivalence, equivocation 矛盾，含糊其辞

committed 【考法 1】 adj. 忠诚的： loyal to a belief, organization, or group, and willing to work hard for it 【例】remain committed to one’s youthful ideal 坚持不懈地追求自己年轻时的理想 【近】loyal, faithful, allegiant 【反】disloyal 不忠诚的 【派】noncommittal adj. 不明确的：giving no clear indication of attitude or feeling 【例】a noncommittal reply 一个不明确的回答 【反】confirmable 确定的

commodious 【考法 1】 adj. 宽敞舒适的 comfortably or conveniently spacious: roomy 【例】a commodious closet 宽敞的衣橱 【近】spacious, roomy 【反】constricted, cramped, snug, constringed 狭窄的

commonsensical 【考法 1】 adj. 符合常识的，有依据的：displaying common sense，based on sound reasoning or information 【例】The only commonsensical solution would be to divide the children into groups according to age. 唯一合理 的解决办法就是按照年龄把孩子分成组【近】justified, logical, rational, reasonable, reasoned, valid, well-founded, levelheaded 【反】groundless, illogical, invalid, irrational, nonrational, nonsensical, nonvalid, unfounded, uninformed, unjustified, unreasonable, unreasoned, unsound 无逻辑的，不合理的；preposterous 荒谬的

commotion 【考法 1】 n. 骚乱：an agitated disturbance 【例】The commotion was created when the nation's top rock band arrived in town. 当顶级摇滚乐队来到小镇时人们骚乱了【近】tumult, turmoil, pandemonium, hurry-scurry 【反】tranquility, calmness, quiet, serenity 安静；order 有序

compendium 【考法 1】 n. 摘要：a brief summary of a larger work or of a field of knowledge: abstract 【例】a compendium of information 资料概要 【近】abstract, brief, overview 【派】compendious adj. 简洁而全面的：concise and comprehensive 【例】his compendious knowledge of this subject 他关于这一学科全面的知识 【近】concise, brief, laconic, compendiary, succinct 【考法 2】 目录：各种项目的列表或集合：a list or collection of various items. 【例】Compendium of Materia Medica 《本草纲目》 【近】compilation, miscellany

complacency 【考法 1】 n. 自满，无忧患意识：a feeling of self-satisfaction, coupled with an unawareness of trouble 【例】Complacency is the enemy of study. 自满乃学习之敌。|| A momentary complacency that was quickly dispelled by the shock of cold reality. 短暂的自满很快就被残酷的现实赶跑了【近】conceit, pomposity, pompousness, pride, self-admiration, self-assumption, smugness, vanity 【反】anxiety 忧虑；humbleness, humility, modesty 谦虚

complaisance 【考法 1】 n. 愿意顺从，讨好，彬彬有礼：disposition to please or comply: affability 【例】She speaks with complaisance. 说话彬彬有礼。|| The complaisance of his girlfriend is such that she meekly goes along with everything he says. 他的女朋友讨好他，对他言听计从【例】【近】 affability, amenability, amiability, good-naturedness 【反】 obstinacy 固执；churlishness 粗野

compliant 【考法 1】 adj. 顺从的：ready or disposed to comply: submissive 【例】a corrupt regime aided by a compliant television station 一个在顺从的电视台帮助下的腐败政府 【近】amenable, conformable, docile, submissive, tractable 【反】balky, contumacious, disobedient, incompliant, insubordinate, intractable, noncompliant, obstreperous, rebel, rebellious, recalcitrant, refractory, unamenable, ungovernable, unruly, willful, wayward 顽固，难驾驭的

compliment 【考法 1】 n./ vt. 称赞，恭维：an expression of praise, admiration, or congratulation 【例】a man meriting the compliments and homage of his fellows 一个值得他的伙伴们尊敬和称赞的人 【近】praise, commend, eulogize, extol, laud 【反】vituperate 责骂 【派】complimentary adj. 称赞的：expressing or containing a compliment 【反】vituperative 责骂的 【考法 2】 n. 敬意，免费赠送的礼物：formal and respectful recognition : honor 【例】How about a delicious dessert then, with our compliment? 给您上点甜点怎么样，算是我们小小的敬意。

comply 【考法 1】 vi. 遵从：to conform, submit, or adapt (as to a regulation or to another's wishes) as required or requested 【例】the devices comply with industry standards 设备要遵循工业标准 || There will be penalties against individuals who fail to comply. 谁不遵从谁就会受到惩罚【近】conform, submit, observe 【反】defy, disobey, rebel against, violate, breach, transgress 违背

compose 【考法 1】 v. 使镇定：to free from agitation: calm 【例】She took a deep breath and composed herself. 她做了一个深呼吸，控制住了自己的情绪【近】contain, settle 【反】agitate, discompose, disquiet, disturb, perturb, upset, vex 【派】composed adj. 镇静的，安定的：free from agitation: calm 【反】distraught, restless 发狂的，不平静的 【派】composure n. 镇定：a calmness or repose especially of mind, bearing, or appearance 【考法 2】 v. 组成，构成：to form the substance of : constitute 【例】composed of many ingredients 有很多配料组成 【近】constitute, comprise, make up