The biology of main cultured fishes 主要养殖鱼类生物学 淡水养殖学(双语) Freshwater Aquaculture Chapter 1 The biology of main cultured fishes 主要养殖鱼类生物学
Course Outline 1 2 3 4 Standard of choosing cultured fishes The main cultured fish species in China 2 The biological characteristics of fish 3 4 A brief introduction on the biology of main cultured fishes
When you have completed this chapter you should be able to know: Learning Objectives When you have completed this chapter you should be able to know: The biology of main freshwater cultured fish: Habitat Feeding habits Growth Reproduction
Section 1. Standard of choosing cultured fishes 1. Market—high price (鳜、大菱鲆、石斑鱼),high demand (家鱼); 2. Quality—delicious meat, high nutritional value; 3. Growth—individual big, grow quickly and reach market size in a short time(鳜、罗非鱼); 4. Food chain—short, high energy utilization(鲢、 草鱼); 5. Feeding habit—extensive, feed easier to be solved(草鱼、团头鲂、鲢、鲤、鲫);
6. Fingerlings—breeding easily, artificial reproduction be solved(如家鱼;而鳗鲡至今未解决,黄鳝、石斑鱼大批量繁殖困难) 7. Habitus—good adaptability to the environment (stress tolerance, resistance to disease)(家鱼;而虹鳟、鳜、牙鲆要求高) 8. Population—dense polyculture, industrial culture (如家鱼等混养,有互补作用,生态效益高) 我国被选择作为养殖鱼类已达80多种,但真正被广泛养殖的仅20多种。
Section 2 The main cultured fish species in China Freshwater food-fish fishes Carps 鲤形目: black carp 青鱼 grass carp 草鱼 silver carp 鲢 bighead carp 鳙 common carp 鲤 crucian carp 鲫 white bream 鳊 Wuchang bream 团头鲂 bluntnose black bream
Ctenopharyngodon idella black carp 青鱼 Mylopharyngodon piceus grass carp 草鱼 Ctenopharyngodon idella
silver carp 鲢 bighead carp 鳙 Hypophthalmichthys molitrix Aristichthys nobilis
common carp 鲤 crucian carp 鲫 Cyprinus carpio Lamellibranchia Caenagrion
Wuchang bream 团头鲂 Triangular bream 三角鲂
Freshwater fishes-Continued Catfishes 鲶形目: Southern catfish 南方大口鲶
whitespotted freshwater catfish 胡子鲇
channel catfish 斑点叉尾鮰(沟鲶)
Yellow catfish 黄颡鱼
Freshwater fishes-Continued Perciforms 鲈形目: mandarin fish 鳜
Perch 鲈 加州鲈
Tilapia 罗非鱼
Freshwater fishes-Continued Sturgeons 鲟形目: Chinese sturgeon 中华鲟
Freshwater fishes-Continued Salmoniformes 鲑形目: Rainbow trout 虹鳟
Other fish species Chinese snakehead 乌鳢
Swamp eel 黄鳝 true eel 鳗鲡
Section 3 The biological characteristics of fish 3.1 Physiological characteristics The internal structure of fish Fish is lower vertebrates
3.1.1 Physiological characteristics---Mouth 闭合后上下颌的长短,将口位分为三种类型: terminal mouth superior mouth hypostatic mouth 端位口 上位口 下位口 中下层 grass carp 上层 silver carp 下层 common carp
3.1.2 Physiological characteristics --- Gill ×4 ×8 鳃弓 (gill filaments):白色软骨,支撑鳃的形状 鳃耙 (gill rakers):鳃片内缘的双层骨质突起,滤水 鳃丝 (gill filaments):弓形,双层红色,呼吸作用
gill rakers 鳃耙 滤取食物的主要器官,阻挡食物随水流经鳃裂流出。 长短疏密因鱼种和食性而异。 鳃耙越长 小食物 浮游生物 不耐缺氧 浮游生物
3.1.3 Physiological characteristics--- Digestion system and ingestion Fish digestive system includes mouth, gill rakers, throat, stomach, intestine, liver, pancreas. The difference of digestive system of a fish species depends on what it eats. Fish that eat plants and algae have longer digestive tracts (gut or intestine) —Tilapia, grass carp Fish that eat other fish have a short digestive tract Predatory fish have stomachs— tigerfish, mandarin fish or catfish
3.2 Biology on fish Habituating nature 栖息习性 Feeding habit 食性 Growth 生长 Reproduction 繁殖
3.2.1 Biology--- Habituating nature Habitat of main cultured fishes 栖息场所 Pelagical fish (中上层鱼类):鲢、鳙, mainly eat plankton浮游生物 Low level fish (中下层鱼类):草鱼、团头鲂,在水的中下层及岸边摄食水草water plants Bottom level fish (底层鱼类):鲤、鲫、鲮、乌鳢、黄鳝、泥鳅等,eat benthonic organisms底栖生物 and detritus 腐屑
The adaptability of fish to the external environment 鱼类对外界环境的适应 1. Water temperature 水温 Optimum temp Tropical fish (热带鱼): Tilapia >30℃ Warmwater (温水性) fish: freshwater cultured fish 30℃ Coolwater (冷温性) fish: perch 20℃ Coldwater (冷水性) fish: rainbow trout <20℃
Water temperature for warmwater fish Temp for live: 0.5~38℃ Optimum temp for live: 20~32℃ Optimum temp for growth and ingestion: 25~32℃ Optimum temp for reproduction: 22~26℃ Water temperature for coldwater fish Temp for live: 0~25℃ Optimum temp for live: 10~16℃ Optimum temp for growth and ingestion: 16~18℃
2. Dissolved oxygen 溶解氧 3. Salinity 盐度 4. pH 酸碱度 >5 mg/L, feeding increase, grow fast <2-3 mg/L, feeding decrease, grow slowly <1-2 mg/L, head above water 浮头until death. 3. Salinity 盐度 Freshwater fish:<0.5‰; brackish water fish微咸水鱼类:1~24.7‰;Marine fish:>24.7‰ 4. pH 酸碱度 主要养殖鱼类7~9,最适7.5~8.5
3.2.2 Biology--- Feeding habits of fish Three Features of feeding habits : 内源营养 混合营养 外源营养 Periodicity 阶段性 The changing process of feeding habits in developmental stage of fish : larvae stage (鱼苗) similar 以轮虫为食 fry stage (仔鱼0.5-1.7cm) differentiated juvenile stage (稚鱼1.7-7cm) significant difference Young stage (幼鱼>7cm) same to adult fish
Difference 差异性 Four basic eating groups among adult fish: 1. filter-feeding fish (滤食性鱼类):鲢、鳙等。 having a big mouth, slender and dense gill rakers Sliver carp eats phytoplankton (浮游植物) Bighead carp feeds on zooplankton (浮游动物) 2. Herbivorous fish (草食性鱼类):如草鱼、团头鲂、长春鳊等。 eats water vegetation
3. Omnivore fish (杂食性鱼类):鲤、鲫、鲮、罗非鱼等。 feed mainly on plant material and small insects: 摄食螺蛳、河蚬、摇蚊幼虫等底栖动物和水生昆虫外,也摄食水草、丝状藻类、水蚤、腐屑等。 4. Carnivores (肉食性鱼类) Predatory fish (掠食性鱼类) that eat other fish: 鳜、乌鳢、鳗鲡、石斑鱼等; Mild fish (温和性鱼类) that eat invertebrates and small fishes: 青鱼以螺蚬类为食,黄颡鱼、鲇鱼摄食大量水生昆虫、虾类、小杂鱼和其他底栖动物。
Adaptation 适应性 Structure and function Adaptation to habituating nature and environment Adaptation to physiological property
3.2.3 Biology--- Reproduction The types of eggs pelagic eggs 浮性卵 marine fish demersal eggs 沉性卵 鲑、鳟、罗非鱼、鲀、鮰 Semi-floating eggs 半浮性卵(漂浮性卵) 四大家鱼、鲮、鳜 sticky eggs 粘性卵 鲟、鲤、鲫、鳊、鲂、鲴、鳅、鲶
Properties of eggs demersal eggs and sticky eggs: Fertilized eggs usually sink to the bottom or stick to plants or rocks. The tilapia eggs hatch in mouth of female fish. Bitterlings (鰟鲏) eggs hatch in the gills of freshwater mussel (淡水蚌).
Tilapia hatches the fertilized eggs in mouth.
Bitterling spawns in the mussel.
3.2.4 Biology--- Growth characteristics 1. Age determination scale 鳞片 otolith 耳石 vertebra 脊椎骨 宽带或夏轮--春、夏两形成较宽的轮带。 窄带或冬轮--秋后入冬形成较窄的轮带。 年轮growth ring--当年秋冬形成的窄带和次年春夏 形成的宽带之间的分界线。
2. Age 年轮数 零龄鱼:当年孵出的鱼 “0” 一龄鱼:第二年的鱼 一冬龄鱼:一个冬天“1” 二夏龄鱼:两个夏天“1+”
before sexual maturity 3. Growth characteristic---periodic 阶段性 before sexual maturity fast→determined by environment and bait after sexual maturity slow→determined by species stopped old period
male fish are smaller than female fish. Growth characteristic---seasonal 季节性 grow faster in spring and summer than in autumn and winter. Growth characteristic---regional 区域性 fish in south grow faster than in north, faster in big water than small water. Growth characteristic---sex difference 性别差异 male fish are smaller than female fish. Growth characteristic---inherited 遗传性
4. Factors affecting fish growth species water environment (water temperature, nutrition, pH, dissolved oxygen ) stocking density human factors
Section 4. A brief Introduction on the biology of main cultured fishes freshwater fish species 鲢 鳙 草鱼 青鱼 鲤 鲫 团头鲂 罗非鱼 胡子鲶 鳜 Biology of fish morphological feature habituating nature feeding habit growth reproduction introduce
1.鲢(silver carp, Hypophthalmichthys molitrix) ⑴特征 别称 白鲢、细甲草鱼,鲢子,古籍称鱮(xù)。 胸鳍末端不超过腹鳍基部 腹棱从胸鳍基部到肛门 鳃耙更致密,滤水速度较鳙慢 特征 特性 性格活泼,善跳跃,可达水面1米多高,捕捞时加盖网。
⑵栖息和食性 不耐缺氧 水中溶氧低于0.79 mg/L时→死亡 上层 栖息 食性 浮游生物,主要为浮游植物 浮游植物个数:浮游动物个数=248:1 投饵 池养时,从鱼苗开始投喂人工饲料,可在成鱼阶段吃人工投喂的饲料。
⑶ 生长 白鲢食物链短,生长迅速。 10.72 7.62 5.31 3.50 2.03 0.49 体重kg 82.7 72.9 66.7 58.4 48.2 29.8 体长cm 6 5 4 3 2 1 年 龄
⑷ 繁殖习性 水温: 20℃以上 卵: 漂浮性 时间: 4月下旬~7月上旬 产卵 性成熟 雄鱼比雌鱼早一年 雌鱼:一般4龄,但温度升高,品种退化,可3龄 体 重 kg 4.8 6.4 7.5 10.0 11.0 卵巢重 0.25 0.74 0.71 2.13 怀卵量 万粒 20.7 60.4 71.5 169.5 195.5
2.鳙(bighead carp, Aristichthys nobilis ) ⑴特征 别称 花鲢、大头鱼、胖头鱼 特征 胸鳍末端超过腹鳍基部 腹棱从腹鳍基部到肛门 特性 性情温和,行动迟缓,容易捕捞。
⑵栖息和食性 栖息 中上层 浮游生物,主要浮游动物 浮游植物个数:浮游动物个数为4.5 : 1,但体积之比是浮游动物大。 食性 投饵 池养时,从鱼苗开始投喂人工饲料,可在成鱼阶段吃人工投喂的饲料。
⑶生长 4龄后雌鱼生长速度加快! 年龄 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 体长cm 23.0 53.4 75.5 84.0 92.0 97.1 100.4 102.8 体重kg 0.27 2.6 7.4 10.1 13.5 16.6 20.0 21.5
⑷繁殖习性 习性同鲢鱼,性成熟晚一年,生产上比白鲢、草鱼稍晚 体 重 kg 14.2 14.8 19.3 21.0 31.2 卵巢重 1.15 2.30 2.50 5.30 怀卵量 万粒 98.3 116.8 175.4 225.6 346.5
3.草鱼(grass carp, Ctenopharyngodon idellus ) ⑴特征 别称 鲩(huàn) , 白鲩(两广), 草棒。 特征 体色青黄,腹部灰白色
⑵栖息和食性 栖息 中下层 食水生植物,日食量一般为体重的40%,最大日食量可达体重的60~70% 。人工养殖时,摄食豆饼、糠饼、麦麸等。摄食器官:咽喉齿。 食性 肠长 为体长的2.3~3.3倍
⑶ 生长 体长:1~2龄增长最快 体重:2~3龄增加最快 年 龄 1 2 3 4 5 体长cm 34.5 60.0 68.8 75.7 79.8 体重kg 0.78 3.60 5.40 7.00 8.10
⑷繁殖习性 雌鱼4~5龄性成熟,繁殖习性同鲢鳙鱼! 体 重 kg 13.3 18.8 22.5 26.3 34.0 卵巢重 1.32 1.65 2.35 2.40 4.90 怀卵量 万粒 100.3 157.5 216.4 254.4 336.7
4.青鱼(black carp, Mylopharyngodon piceus ) ⑴特征 别称 黑鲩,青鲩,乌鲩 特征 外形似草鱼,但各鳍均灰黑色,背部及体侧上半部青黑色。
⑵栖息和食性 栖息 中下层 幼鱼:浮游动物水生昆虫幼体 稍后:小型贝类 成鱼:贝类,蚬、螺蛳、蚌等 可吃人工投喂的各种饵料 食性
⑶生长 当年底: 可达0.5kg; 第二年底: 2.5kg; 第三年底: 7.5kg; 生长迅速 ⑷繁殖习性 同鲢、鳙、草鱼,时间比鲢、鳙、草鱼稍晚。
5.鲤(Cyprinus carpio L. ) 特征 背、臀鳍的硬棘后缘呈锯齿状。 口须两对,端位口。 下层水,适应各种水体 特喜小草丛生的浅水处 栖息 食性 杂食性:偏动物 挖掘底泥,觅取食物
繁殖习性 粘性卵,分批产出 从3月或4月份开始,持续2个月 产卵时最低水温14~18℃,最适温度18~22℃ 体长(cm) 34~40 37~42 50~55 50~72 怀卵量 (万粒) 黑龙江流域 4.31 34.8 大伙房水库 3.5 36.7
锦鲤 koi 杂交鲤
6.鲫(Carassius auratus L.) 背、臀鳍的硬棘后缘呈锯齿状。无口须 特征 栖息 下层水,适应各种水体 食性 杂食性;偏植物
粘性卵,习性同鲤鱼 1龄(当年)性成熟 体长(厘米) 18~20 20~26 26~30 体重(斤) 0.4~0.6 0.6~1.3 1.3~1.6 怀卵量(万粒) 1.8~2.7 3.5~6.4 7.4~13.3 相对怀卵量(粒/克体重) 54~106 97~122 96~167
C. carassius cuvieri T. et S. 野鲫 Carassius auratus L. 白鲫 C. carassius cuvieri T. et S. 银鲫 Carassius auratus gibelio
7.武昌鱼(Megalbrama amblyocephala ) 特征 背鳍硬棘短 腹棱从腹鳍基部到肛门 胸鳍短,不到或仅到腹鳍基部 鳔中室大于前室 区别三角鲂 中下水层 底质淤泥 有植物的敞水区。 食性 栖息 草食性
生长较快,湖北梁子湖资料 年 龄 1 2 3 4 5 体长(cm) 16.4 30.7 38.8 41.9 44.3 体重(斤) 0.4 1.2 2.4 3.2 3.6
粘性卵,但粘性不及鲤鲫鱼,易脱落 时间:产卵期比鲤稍迟,比家鱼稍早 长江流域:4月中旬~6月中旬,水温28℃ 夜间产卵,多在浅水多水草处 年龄 2 3 4 体重(斤) 1.4 2.8 3.4 怀卵量(万粒) 6.4 24.3 36.4
8.罗非鱼(Tilapia) 特征 背鳍:硬棘占一半以上 尾鳍:圆形或平截 栖息 耐高温:生存水温 16~45℃ 食性 杂食性:偏植物 全雄罗非鱼
多次产卵:25~30天可产卵一次 繁殖习性 产卵数量:最初数使粒,以后达2000粒 孵化:亲鱼口腔内孵化 幼鱼可在亲鱼口腔中生活 孵出后3~4个月即可产卵。
9.胡子鲶(Clarias fuscus) 无鳞片,口须8根 吻有角质齿 特征 栖息 底栖 习性 皮肤、褶鳃有呼吸作用 不耐低温,水温:6.5℃时死亡 12℃时越冬 最适生长:25~30℃ 可生存: 38℃ 死亡: 超过41℃
南方大口鲶 革胡子鲶 蟾胡子鲶
10.翘嘴鳜(mandarin fish, Siniperca chuasti) 肉质细嫩,味道鲜美,无肌间刺,被称为“淡水石斑鱼” 特征 栖息 底层 食性 活鱼,从鱼苗到开口到成鱼,非活鱼不吃
思 考 题 1.名词解释:滤食性鱼类、杂食性鱼类、沉性 卵、漂浮性卵(半浮性卵)、粘性卵 2.优良养殖鱼类应具备的条件。 3.主要养殖鱼类摄食方式有哪几种,各有何特 点?举例说明。了解主要养殖鱼类食性的意 义。