College English Test Band 4 & 6 Part Two Reading Comprehension
CET 4 & 6阅读理解题型 CET 4 & 6阅读理解部分主要测试四个方面,就个层 次,具体表现为五种题型: 要旨题(Main Idea Questions ) 细节题(Detail Questions ) 词汇题( Synonym Matching Questions ) 逻辑题( Logical Relation Questions ) 推理题( Inference Questions )
一、Main Idea Questions (要旨题) 要旨题的目的是检测对文章整体包括对全文的中心思想、作者的意图、笔调和态度、文章体裁等理解概括的能力。要求考生准确地把握和理解文章的框架。 要旨题的分类 主题问题(Topic Questions) 标题问题 (Title Questions) 基调和写作意图问题(Tone and Purpose Questions) 体裁问题 (Type Questions) 观点和态度问题(Point of Views and Attitude Questions)
Main Idea Questions (要旨题) 要旨题的常见提问形式 对文章主旨大意、段落大意提问形式 What is the main idea of the passage? What is the main subject of this passage? What is the main topic of this passage? The central point of the selection of that __? The selection is concerned primarily with _? The author is mainly concerned with ___? What does the passage mainly discuss? Which of the following best states the selection ?
Main Idea Questions (要旨题) The passage is mainly about ___. Which illustrates the main idea of the selection? Which of the following sentences best describes the writer’s main point in paragraph one? Which sentence best expresses the central point of the selection? The statement that best relates the main idea of this passage is ____ .
Main Idea Questions (要旨题) 对文章标题提问 What would be an appropriate title of this passage? What might be the best title of the passage is ____? The best title for this passage would be/might be/is ___? Which of the following would be the most appropriate title for the passage? The most suitable title of this passage is ____. The best title below that best expresses the ideas of this passage is ____.
Main Idea Questions (要旨题) 对文章的体裁提问 Which of the following best describes as a whole? Where would this passage may appear? This passage can best be described as …. This passage may be assigned reading for a course in…. This course can best be described as …. Where would this passage most probably be found?
Main Idea Questions (要旨题) 对文章的基调、作者的写作目的提问 The tone of this essay is ___. What is the author’s main purpose to write this passage? The author’s main purpose of this passage is to _____. What is the primary purpose of the passage?
Main Idea Questions (要旨题) 对作者的观点和态度提问 The author’s attitude toward… is best described as one of ____. What opinion about his does the author express? Which of the following statements is the author’s point of view? Which of the following opinion might the author agree with according to the passage?
Main Idea Questions (要旨题) The author believes that ____. According to the author, ______. Which of the following will the author agree with? The author suggest that ___. The author gives the impression that ____.
Main Idea Questions (要旨题) 要旨题解题思路和方法 主题问题(Topic Questions) 文章主旨大意、段落大意问题的解题要点是抓住中心。具体方法: 找主题句。 归纳主题。
Main Idea Questions (要旨题) 标题问题(Title Questions) 文章标题的问题要求考生文章内容选择一个合适的标题。标题通常是一个名词短语,而且与主题句密切相关。标题常常隐伏主题句中,前者的含义较广,而后者的内容更为具体。因此,解题要点是找到主题句,找到主题句便可从中得到启示(例1)。
Main Idea Questions (要旨题) 基调问题(Tone Questions) 作者在表露自己感情和态度时,注意选词造句,注意表达思想的不同方法,从字面直接陈述中,流露出他的基调。作者常用的基调采用的手段有两种:讽刺(irony)和嘲讽(satire)。 讽刺(irony)是你在说一件事,但是实际上是指其相反的意义,作者往往可以用此方法表示不满。 嘲讽(satire)是把人和事描写得非常荒谬(ridicule sb. or sth.) ridiculous。讽刺(irony)是嘲讽(satire)的基本手段。作者把人和事描写得非常荒诞,但他说的是反话,希望敏锐的读者理解其真正的含义。对于同样的问题,运用不同的基调,所表达出的感情是不同的。
Main Idea Questions (要旨题) 文章的基调是文章内容的一个重要导向,能便是文章的笔调,就能理解作者的态度,理解全文的内容。辨别文章笔调的思路和方法: 注意描写段落以及文中人物对某一场面地进行描述的语言。 画出涉及表达感情、态度和观点的赐予。 观察作者如何对待题材的方法。 领会作者的写作意图。
Main Idea Questions (要旨题) 体裁问题 (Type Questions) 这类的问题要求考生在理解文章要旨的基础上推断出文章属于何种题材、出自何种文献。解题要点: 找出主题句,理解文章的主题。 挑出中心词,确定内容的范畴。
Main Idea Questions (要旨题) 观点和态度问题(Point of Views and Attitude Questions) 在阅读理解中领会作者的观点和态度是体现考生阅读能力的一个重要方面。在描述自己的经历、传递信息或者争论某一个问题时,作者的观点和态度都不可避免地反映出来。解答此类问题的思路和方法: 弄清观点和事实。 领会作者的观点。 辨别文章笔调,推断作者态度。
二、Detail Questions (细节题) 细节题主要是对文章的具体实施和细节进行提问,测试考生寻觅细节和归纳事实的能力。 主题思想只是文章的框架,作者在构思过程中,还必须对要表达的观点或信息进行具体的陈述,读者能确切的注意或记住作者在陈述谈到的是何人、何处、何时和何故,也是十分重要的。
Detail Questions (细节题) 细节题的分类 询问题(Wh-words Questions) 陈述题 (Statement Questions) 是非题 (True/ False Questions)
Detail Questions (细节题) 细节题的提问形式 询问题(Wh-words Questions) What do people line to do for…? What effect did something have on….? Why is it necessary for somebody to do sth.? Where should somebody do something? Where is/was … located? How many days (months, years, hours, minutes, etc.) does/did somebody do something? When did it happen? Which of the following people should do it? Who was shot in the theatre last night?
Detail Questions (细节题) 陈述题 (Statement Questions) Somebody has/had been known to do something only when he/she is/ was_____. Something is/was made out of ______. According to the passage, somebody does/did something to ______. The value of something amounts to _____. The reason why he did it was _____. People looking for better ways to _____. From their experience, they concluded that ______.
Detail Questions (细节题) 是非题 (True/ False Questions) Which of the following are NOT mentioned in the passage? According to the passage, which of the following is NOT true? From the report you can NOT get the information of ___? Which of the following statement is true? Which of the following statement is false? Which of the following is NOT listed/stated/included in the passage?
Detail Questions (细节题) 细节题解题思路和方法 询问题(Wh-words Questions) 询问题是以提问的形式提出问题,所有的问题以what , which, where, when, why, how提问,涉及时间、地点、人物、原因、定义和数字等内容。主要测试考生阅读材料中具体内容的能力。 解题思路和方法:采取“对号入座”的办法,即带着问题去找句子。在寻找细节的同时还要查找“关键词”(key words),关键词实为一种信号词。关键词犹如一把钥匙,是解决问题的关键。常见的信号词有以下这些:
Detail Questions (细节题) Reasons– because, the reason, because of, due to, owing to , as, since, for, on account of, in that, now that, seeing that Purpose –in order to, so, so that, for, so as to, in order that, for the purpose of Result –became, resulted in, as a result of, as an account of Means –do, use, by means of, in such a way that Comparison—like, unlike, just as, equal to, different from, compared to, rank with, more than, less than Time –when, before, after, next, then, until, during, often, at last, at the end of, at present Place – in which, in front of, from…to.., at the back of, there, near, next to, at the top of
Detail Questions (细节题) 具体步骤如下: 先看文章后面的问题,注意记忆关键词语如人物、时间、地点、事件等,确定发问中心。 把问题的发问中心反馈到文章里去。当读到有关发问信息时,可在有关信息下划线。如果有关信息没有按顺序给出,可在有关信息下划线得同时标出题号。 在原文中找出对发问中心的解答信息后,可以把原文的信息发到问题中去,与每一个选项进行对照,与原文相符的信息即为正确信息。
Detail Questions (细节题) 陈述题 (Statement Questions) 陈述题往往不是问句,而是一个不完整的陈述句,要求考生选出与提干构成的句子在意义上与原文内容相符。选择的项目涉及时间、地点、人物、原因、目的和数字等内容。 解题思路和方法:这类题的答案与原文在字面上的差异很大,有时还要找出与前句的逻辑关系。具体步骤是: 先阅读问题题目,找出问题的发问中心。 带着问题去阅读,注意文章的细节。 准确理解每个细节,并在此基础上进行冷静地分析。 注意:做题时,要尽可能一次记住所有的问题及选项,然后通篇阅读 文章,最后在检查和分析问题,找出正确的答案。
Detail Questions (细节题) 是非题 (True/ False Questions) 是非题通常有二种形式:“一误三正” (Positive Truth Questions)和“一正三误” (Negative Truth Questions)。这两种题型的目的是一致的,主要是测试考生理解原文、把握细节和明辨是非的能力。 解题思路和方法: 仔细阅读体后的选项,牢记各项的内容。 在原文中与选项内容相同出划线。 运用排除法确定正确答案。
Synonym Matching Questions (词汇题) 词汇题主要测试考生对猜度生词词义的能力和运用词语的能力。猜词能力主要取决于考生已掌握的词汇量,熟悉英语语言结构的程度,各种常识与经验,以及逻辑推理的能力等等。 常见题型: What doer the word “novice” mean? Which of the following is the probable definition of the word “motherboard”? What is the possible meaning of the word “…..” in the Paragraph 1?
Synonym Matching Questions (词汇题) 解题思路和方法:根据上下文的种种提示来准确猜出一些生词的意思。具体方法如下: 根据定义猜测词义 根据解释猜测词义:解释与定义很相似,但没有定义那么详尽、严谨。 根据复述猜测词义:复述也是一种解释方式,即换用不同的词语重新表达同一个内容。复述部分可以是单词、短语,也可以是从句或句子。
Synonym Matching Questions (词汇题) 根据举例猜测词义:for example, such as, as…as …等。 根据对比关系猜测词义:这类题型需要考生运用语言知识和分析能力去细心搜寻和领会的相关信息之间存在的种种逻辑关系,根据这种逻辑关系所提供的思路和范围,来分析判断有关生词的词意或相近意义,从而达到理解全文的目的。 如but, unlike, in spite of , despite, however等一些介词和副词都可以帮助构成意义上的对比关系。 根据因果关系猜测词义 根据构词法识别生词
Logical Relation Questions (逻辑题) 逻辑题要求考生既能理解个别句子的意义有能理解上下文之间的逻辑关系的能力。主要是测试考生对语篇的理解能力即考生综合运用语感、语法、词汇、逻辑等方面的知识对整篇文章逻辑关系进行分析和判断的能力。 解题思路和方法:在阅读时,不仅理解个别句子的意思,还需要把上下文的意思联系起来,弄懂句子之间的逻辑关系,同时也要注意句子间或段落间的上下过渡,或呼应的承接词语的作用,包括连接词、某些副词及介词短语等等。具体做法:
Logical Relation Questions (逻辑题) 具体做法: 正确理解句子中理解词语的作用 用于篇章结构的连接词很多,例如, 平行关系:too, also and 增补和递进:furthermore,moreover, even, in addition 转折关系:but, yet, nevertheless, however, on the other hand, in contrast, in spite of, though, despite this 时空顺序:first, next, finally, now, then, later, before, after, until 因果关系: 让步关系 对照关系 引证关系 总结和结论
Logical Relation Questions (逻辑题) 正确理解句子中指代词的作用 上下文还可以通过指代词连接。在文章中有时为了避免重复,作者常使用指代词(reference words)。指代词是在篇章中指代别的词,起到连接作用的词,从而体现句子之间的逻辑关系。被指代的词通常为名词、动词或某些副词和表示时间、地点和方式的介词短语。句子中常见的指代词有: 指代名词:it/its, they/their/them, this/these, that/those, one/ones, the former, the next, the last, the first, such等。 指代动词:to do 指代介词短语:there, here, thus, so, in that way, like that
Logical Relation Questions (逻辑题) 正确理解句子中的重述现象 重述(Restatement)是对原概念的在解释,即换而 言之。它解释、体现或保留原来的概念,但在文字 表述上有所不同。也就是说,重述使用不同的语言 形式表达相同的概念。重述常见的信号词有:is/are, that is, i.e., e.g., called, meaning, or, put another way, such as等。