Unit 4 Key points summary

Point 1(Activity 1, Tasks 1,2,3): Syntactic marking （语法标义）Vs Point 1(Activity 1, Tasks 1,2,3): Syntactic marking （语法标义）Vs. semotactic marking（语义标义）(1) Syntactic marking refers to the specification of the meaning of an English word by its grammatical function in the sentence. Syntactic markers, like nouns(countable, uncountable, singular, plural), verbs (transitive, intransitive), adjectives, etc., are categorized into such different classes based on their grammatical functions in English sentences.

Point 1(Activity 1, Tasks 1,2,3): Syntactic marking （语法标义）Vs Point 1(Activity 1, Tasks 1,2,3): Syntactic marking （语法标义）Vs. semotactic marking（语义标义）(2) She bought chicken and turkey. She keeps chickens and turkeys. 她买了鸡肉和火鸡肉。 她饲养一些小鸡和火鸡。 We do not do business with them. He is the manager of three different businesses. 我们不跟他做买卖。 他管理着三家不同的企业。 Her hair is dark She has a few grey hairs. 她的头发是黑的。 她有几根白头发。

Point 1(Activity 1, Tasks 1,2,3): Syntactic marking （语法标义）Vs Point 1(Activity 1, Tasks 1,2,3): Syntactic marking （语法标义）Vs. semotactic marking（语义标义）(3) I know him. I know of him. 我认识他。 我了解他的为人。 She heard the shots. She has never heard about it. 她听见了枪声。 她从未听说此事。 They have approved the plan. They have not approved of the plan. 他们已经批准了计划。 他们 不赞成这项计划。

Point 1(Activity 1, Tasks 1,2,3): Syntactic marking （语法标义）Vs Point 1(Activity 1, Tasks 1,2,3): Syntactic marking （语法标义）Vs. semotactic marking（语义标义）(4) A gentle breeze rippled the surface of the lake. 一阵微风吹过，湖面上漾起圈圈涟漪。 Such rumours have surfaced several times over the past ten years. 此类谣言在过去十年中曾多次出现 。 There is nothing there but hundreds of miles of red rock and dust. 除了绵延几百英里的红色岩石和尘土，那里别无它物。 The business has been millions of dollars in the red. 该企业已负债上百万美元。 I’ve not done too badly, considering. 从各方面来看，我做得不算太差。 Considering your age and your inexperience, you’ve done pretty well. 考虑到你的年龄和缺乏经验，你已经做得够出色了。

Point 1(Activity 1, Tasks 1,2,3): Syntactic marking （语法标义）Vs Point 1(Activity 1, Tasks 1,2,3): Syntactic marking （语法标义）Vs. semotactic marking（语义标义）(5) Semotactic marking refers to the determination of the meaning of an English word by some other words in the sentence, which form the semotactic environment for that word. In other words, the context,built up by the words prior to or following the word, can often provide clues as to what the word means. Syntactic marking interplays with semotactic marking in the specification of the meaning of an English word.

Point 1(Activity 1, Tasks 1,2,3): Syntactic marking （语法标义）Vs Point 1(Activity 1, Tasks 1,2,3): Syntactic marking （语法标义）Vs. semotactic marking（语义标义）(6) Most of his time was absorbed by work. 工作花去了他的大部分时间。 The company was absorbed by its competitor. 竞争对手并购了这家公司。 The boy was completely absorbed by the game. 游戏把男孩完全吸引住了。 The shock of impact was absorbed by the bumper. 保险杠减少了冲击时的震动。 The full meaning of the remark by the headmaster was absorbed by the clever boy. 聪明的男孩领悟了校长说的那句话的全部含义。 This ethnic group was absorbed into the Han Nationality centuries ago. 汉族几个世纪前就同化了这个民族。

Point 2 (Activity 2, Tasks 1,2,3,4): English pronouns Vs Point 2 (Activity 2, Tasks 1,2,3,4): English pronouns Vs. Chinese pronouns (1) English pronouns are greater in variety than Chinese pronouns. For example, such English pronouns as possessive pronouns (e.g. my, his, her, etc.) (物主代词), reflexive pronouns (e.g. myself, yourself, himself,etc.) (反身代词) and relative pronouns (e.g. that, which, when, etc.) (关系代词) do not exist in Chinese. English pronouns are also used more frequently than their Chinese counterparts.Therefore, when English is being translated into Chinese, it is in some cases necessary to leave out some pronouns.

Point 2 (Activity 2, Tasks 1,2,3,4): English pronouns Vs Point 2 (Activity 2, Tasks 1,2,3,4): English pronouns Vs. Chinese pronouns (2) I like yours better. 我更喜欢你的。 All that is his is hers. 所有他的东西都是她的。 Hand in your exercises please. 请把练习交上来。 Don’t put your hands in your pocket. 别把手搁在口袋里。 He looked me in the face. 他直视着我。 I had a hit in the head. 我的头挨了一击。

Point 2 (Activity 2, Tasks 1,2,3,4): English pronouns Vs Point 2 (Activity 2, Tasks 1,2,3,4): English pronouns Vs. Chinese pronouns (3) She is too young to look after herself. 她年龄太小，不会照顾自己。 The motion itself is a contradiction. 这个动议本身就是个矛盾。 If you want to know the taste of pear, you must try the pear by eating it yourself. 要想知道梨子的味道，你就得亲自尝一尝。 I wash myself. 我洗脸洗手。 They hide themselves. 他们躲起来了。 The boy is only for, but he can dress himself. 这个小男孩只有四岁，却能自己穿衣。

Point 2 (Activity 2, Tasks 1,2,3,4): English pronouns Vs Point 2 (Activity 2, Tasks 1,2,3,4): English pronouns Vs. Chinese pronouns (4) A man who does not try to learn from others can not hope to achieve much. 一个不向别人学习的人 ，不能指望有少成就。 This note was left by Anna, who was here a moment ago. 这张条子是安娜留的，她刚才来过这儿。 There are many people who want to see the film. 许多人要看这部电影。 We used a plane of which almost every part carried some indication of national identity. 我们驾驶的飞机几乎每个部件上都有国家的某些标志。 The ambassador was giving a dinner for a few people whom he wished especially to talk with. 大使只宴请了几个人，因为他特地想和这些人谈谈。

Point 3 (Activity 3, Tasks 1,2,3,4): Adding words when necessary (1) The skill of adding words (增词译法) is often employed out of grammatical, semantic or rhetorical considerations.

Point 3 (Activity 3, Tasks 1,2,3,4): Adding words when necessary (2) To the east and the south a faint pink is spreading. 东南方呈现一抹浅红，正在向远处扩展。 English prose is elaborate rather than simple, while it was not always so. 现今英国散文华巧而欠朴实，过去却并非总是如此。 It would have been only courteous to kneel at the proper time, as all did, since I had voluntarily come to the church. 既然我来教堂出于自愿，仅仅为了礼貌起见，我本来也应该和大家一起下跪。

Point 3 (Activity 3, Tasks 1,2,3,4): Adding words when necessary (3) Studies serve for delight, for ornament and for ability. 读书足以怡情，足以傅采，足以长才。 And he launched into a speech, eloquently advocating his army of the future. 接着他发表了长篇大论，振振有辞地把他心目中未来的军队鼓吹了一番。 She was then fifteen, ,which must be her excuse. 她当时只有15岁，我们只能原谅她年幼无知。

Point 3 (Activity 3, Tasks 1,2,3,4): Adding words when necessary (4) All is not gold that glitters. 闪闪发光的东西不一定都是金子。 And her thoughtfulness! If the night was anyway cold or wet or windy there was sure to be a little tumbler of punch ready for him. 她多体贴啊！要是哪天夜里较阴冷，潮湿，或刮风，她一定会斟好一大杯混合甜饮料，等着他来畅饮。 Poor little tender heart! And so it goes on hoping and beating, and longing and trusting. 可怜这温柔的小姑娘，一颗心扑簌簌上跳个不停，她左盼右盼，一直想念情人，对他深信不疑。

Point 4 (Activity 4, Task 1, 2) : Changing phrases into sentences For this translation skill, please refer to Slides 11 and 12 in the Key Points Summary of Unit 1.

Why not do the supplementary exercises for further practice Why not do the supplementary exercises for further practice? The keys and comments are also provided for your reference.