Grammar and Usage

Period 1 Revision Guessing game Do you know any job words? Use your body language to show your job and ask your partner to guess.

What did you do yesterday? I enjoy shopping in the supermarket. Yesterday evening, I _______ （ go ） shopping near my home. I ______(be) busy all day long. So it _____ (be)a good chance for me to relax myself. There ____ (be)many people in the supermarket. Since I _____(have) enough time, I ______(feel) at ease. I ______(walk) here and there to see whether there _____(be) something I need. I ____ (fill)my basket with all the goods I chose.

What did you do yesterday? I _____(take) all my things with me. I ______ (decide) to go home by taxi. At the moment, a guard( 保 安 )_____(stop) me and ____(tell) me that I ______(not pay). I felt very sorry that I ______(forget) it. I said I _____(think) I ______(do) it before I came out of the door.

Structure Had done/had been done The past perfect tense is often used with the simple past tense. If one action happens before another in the past, the past perfect tense is used. The past perfect tense shows us 过去的过去 >----| |-----|---- present past

What is The past perfect tense 1. Compare the simple past and The past perfect tense Present Past Carter’s lucky pet bird led Carter to the site Carter’s lucky pet bird was eaten by a snake. Upon entering the tomb, Carter’s lucky pet bird, which had led him to the place, was eaten by a snake.

More examples By the end of last year, I _______for 15 years. When I came back home, my favourite TV program ______________. had taught had already finished

More examples He was not worried at all. He ____________ preparations. had already made

2. The past perfect tense used in indirect speech Present Past They emptied the tomb of everything it contained Carter said that they had emptied the tomb “We emptied the tomb of everything it contained,” said Carter. Carter said that they had emptied the tomb of everything it contained

3. Here the past action didn’t happen a long time ago. I had done my homework this morning before I went to the museum.

4. used with time expressions such as when, after, before, as soon as, until, by, for and already Present Past Carter opened King Tutankhamun’s tomb Lord Carnarvon died Then a few months after Carter had opened the tomb, Lord Carnarvon fell ill with a fever and died.

Present perfect or past perfect? The present perfect tense is used when we are talking about a past event which relates to the present time. Howard Carter is one of the most famous explorers the world has ever known. The past perfect tense is used when we are discussing the past and want to talk about an even earlier event. Not long after the tomb had been opened, people in Carter’s team began to fall ill and die strangely.

Summary 一、 主语＋过去完成时 ＋① when 引导的从句 ( 注：从句谓语动词为过去式 ) ＋② by 短语 ＋③ by the time 引导的从句 ( 注：从句谓语动词为过 去式 ) ＋④ before 引导的从句 ( 注：从句谓语动词为过去式 ) 例如： 一、 主语＋过去完成时 ＋① when 引导的从句 ( 注：从句谓语动词为过去式 ) ＋② by 短语 ＋③ by the time 引导的从句 ( 注：从句谓语动词为过 去式 ) ＋④ before 引导的从句 ( 注：从句谓语动词为过去式 ) 例如：

Practice 1. Tom was disappointed that most of the guests ______ when he ______ at the party. A. left ； had arrived B. left ； arrived C. had left ； had arrived D. had left ； arrived 2. We ______ four thousand new words by the end of last year. A. had learned B. have learned C. learned D. will have learned 解析： 正确答案为 D 。 guests 先离开， Tom 后到达。 解析： 根据 by 短语中的 last year 得知是到去年 年末，正确选项为 A

2. Helen ______ her keys in the office so she had to wait until her husband ______home. 海伦把钥匙忘在了办公室，所以她不得不等到丈夫回家。 A.has left ； comes B. left ； had come C. had left ； came D. had left ； would come 3. He _________________his own lab by the time he was ten. 到十岁时，他已经建起了自己的实验室。 4. He _____________English for five years before he came here. 来这儿之前，他已经学过五年英语了。 Practice 解析： 正确答案为 C 。 had to wait 说明事情发生在过去， 而 “ 忘带钥匙 ” 的动作发生在 “ 等丈夫回家 ” 之前。 had already built had studied

二、 1. 主语＋ had ＋ hardly(scarcely) ＋过去分词＋ when(before) ＋主语＋一般过去时。 2. 主语＋ had ＋ no sooner ＋过去分词＋ than ＋主语 ＋一般过去时。例如： ① They had no sooner got home than it began to rain. 他们一到家，天就下起雨来。 ② ______ got into the room ， ______ the telephone rang. 他一到家，电话就响了。 A. He hardly had ； then B. Hardly had he ； when C. He had not ； that D. Not had he ； when 二、 1. 主语＋ had ＋ hardly(scarcely) ＋过去分词＋ when(before) ＋主语＋一般过去时。 2. 主语＋ had ＋ no sooner ＋过去分词＋ than ＋主语 ＋一般过去时。例如： ① They had no sooner got home than it began to rain. 他们一到家，天就下起雨来。 ② ______ got into the room ， ______ the telephone rang. 他一到家，电话就响了。 A. He hardly had ； then B. Hardly had he ； when C. He had not ； that D. Not had he ； when 解析： 正确答案为 B 。当否定词 hardly ， scarcely ， no sooner 放在句首时，主谓要倒装。

三、 根据上下文的时间关系来确定用过去完成时。例 如： 1. The pen I ______ I ______ is on my desk ， right under my nose. 那支我以为已经丢了的钢笔。在我的桌 子上，就在我的鼻子底下。 A. think ； lost B. thought ； had lost C. think ； had lost D. thought ； have lost 三、 根据上下文的时间关系来确定用过去完成时。例 如： 1. The pen I ______ I ______ is on my desk ， right under my nose. 那支我以为已经丢了的钢笔。在我的桌 子上，就在我的鼻子底下。 A. think ； lost B. thought ； had lost C. think ； had lost D. thought ； have lost 解析： 正确答案为 B 。 “ 丢笔 ” 是在 “ 认为 ” 之前发生的 动作。

四、 表示过去未曾实现的愿望、打算或意图，用过 去完成时。常用动词有： hope ， think ， expect ， intend ， mean ， suppose ， want 等。 例如： They had wanted to help but couldn't get here in time. 他们本来是要来帮忙的，但未能及时赶到。

五、 It was ＋时间＋ since ＋从句（从句用过去完成 时）。 It was the + 序数词 +time+ 从句（从句用过去 完成时） 例 1.They asked me to have a drink with them. I said that it was at least ten years since I ______ a good drink. 他们邀请我和他们喝酒，我说，我已经至少 十年没有好好喝过了。 A. had enjoyed B. was enjoying C. enjoyed D. had been enjoying 例 2.It was the first time he had come to China. A.had come B.has come C. came 五、 It was ＋时间＋ since ＋从句（从句用过去完成 时）。 It was the + 序数词 +time+ 从句（从句用过去 完成时） 例 1.They asked me to have a drink with them. I said that it was at least ten years since I ______ a good drink. 他们邀请我和他们喝酒，我说，我已经至少 十年没有好好喝过了。 A. had enjoyed B. was enjoying C. enjoyed D. had been enjoying 例 2.It was the first time he had come to China. A.had come B.has come C. came 正确答案为 A 。

Fill in the blanks 1.There________ （ be ） 25 parks in our city up till By the end of last term we ______(finish) the book. 3.They finished earlier than we __________(expect). 4. That was the second time that she _________ (see) her grandfather 5. It was 3 years since we ————(part) 。 1.There________ （ be ） 25 parks in our city up till By the end of last term we ______(finish) the book. 3.They finished earlier than we __________(expect). 4. That was the second time that she _________ (see) her grandfather 5. It was 3 years since we ————(part) 。

6. I ———— (hope) that I could do the job. 7. I ———— (intend) to see you but I was too busy.

Language points 1. a great/good deal of 加不可数名词 a large amount of amounts of 2. a good/great many 加可数名词复数 a good/great number of 3. many a 加单数可数名词，表复数概念

Discourage make sb less confident 使灰心，使泄气 Your words discouraged him greatly. 你的话使他非常气馁。 be discouraged at/by sth 对 … 感到沮丧 encourage 鼓励 I always encourage my students to study harder.

switch Vi. 转变，改变 If I am tired of teaching, I would switch to interpreting. 如果我厌倦教学了，我就转向做翻译 He switched to a different company. 她跳槽到别的公司去了 switch on switch off N. 开关，转变

Quiz 1. She did not go to the cinema because she ___________the film before. A. had seen B. has seen C. saw D. was going to see

Quiz 2. —— Nancy is not coming tonight. —— But she _________ ! A. promises B. promised C. will promise D. had promised

Quiz 3. Shirley _______ a book about China last year but I don‘t know whether she has finished it. A. has written B. wrote C. had written D. was writing

Quiz 4. —— Your phone number again? I _______ quite catch it. —— It‘s A. didn’t B. couldn‘t C. don't D. can't

Quiz 5. —— Do you know our town at all? —— No ， this is the first time I ______ here. A. was B. have been C. came D. am coming

Quiz 6. I______________ ， but I was prevented by the heavy rain. A. had meant coming B. had meant to come C. meant to come D. meant coming

Quiz 7. ________you________ in the heavy rain last night? A. Were; caught B. Did; catch C. Had; been caught D. Have; caught

Quiz 8. She is the cleverest girl I____________. A. will meet B. had met C. have not met D. have ever met

Quiz 9.—I hear that you ____________ a new house. —Yes ， but I____________ in it now. A. have bought ， won't live B. have bought ， am not living C. will buy ， have lived D. will have bought ， am not living

Quiz 10. It's a surprise to meet you here. I _________ you ____________here. A. don't expect ， are B. don't expect ， were C. didn't expect ， are D. didn't expect ， were

Quiz 11. She did not go to the cinema because she ___________the film before. A. had seen B. has seen C. saw D. was going to see

Homework Workbook Exercise Page 104 C1, C2