世界旅游地理

第一部分 旅游地理的基本概念 Part I The geographical Principles of Travel and Tourism

第四章 气候与旅游 Chapter 4 Climate and Tourism

Learning Objectives: ● Understand the importance of latitude and the distribution of land and sea areas in determining climatic differences. 纬度的重要性，陆地与海洋分布对气候差异的决定性影响 ● Be aware of the major elements of climate and explain how these affect the various types of recreational tourism. 气候的主要因素，及其对休闲旅游类型的影响 ● Understand the problems of classifying world climate zones.  理解世界气候带分区中存在的问题 ● Describe the distribution of world climates and their significance for tourism. 世界气候带的分布，及其对旅游业的重要意义

Verse 1 The influence of climate on tourism 气候对旅游的影响 The distinction between weather and climate天气与气候的区别 Weather is the conditions in the troposphere at a given time and place. Climate is the pattern of weather phenomena synthesised over a period of time, and we usually base our choices of when and where to go on holiday on climate information. In contrast, most outdoor recreation trips are weather dependent, so we need to rely on short-term forecasts.

VERSE2 THE WORLD CLIMATE SCENE 全球气候概况 The impact of rising temperatures is potentially very significant and is already being felt in some parts of the world. 全球气温变暖

CLASSIFYING CLIMATES We can think of the world’s climates as a continuum, from hot, humid conditions at one extreme to cold and dry at the other. However, most parts of the world have climates which lie somewhere between these extremes, and which are characterised by distinct seasonal variations. 绝大多数地区的气候是非极端的，且具有明显的季节性 We have grouped them into seven major zones that can be related more closely to human comfort and clothing needs, but you should be aware that the boundaries drawn on the map indicate wide areas of transition rather than abrupt changes.

CLASSIFYING CLIMATES THE HUMID TROPICS ( ZONE 1) 潮湿的热带地区 THE HOT DRY CLIMATES ( ZONE 2) 炎热干燥的气候 THE WARM CLIMATES ( ZONE 3) 温暖的气候 THE COOL TEMPERATE AND CONTINENTAL COLD WINTER CLIMATES ( ZONES 4AND 5) 寒温带大陆性寒地气候 THE COLD DAMP CLIMATES ( ZONE 6) 寒冷潮湿的气候 THE COLD DRY CLIMATES ( ZONE 7) 寒冷干燥的气候 THE HIGHLAND CLIMATES 高原气候

VERSE3 The influence of climate on tourism Tourists spend some time in an outdoor environment which may be considerably warmer or colder than their country of origin.   For a destination, climate largely determines the length of the holiday season. The providers of leisure goods and services are usually faced with seasonal variations in demand. In most destinations, this problem of seasonality influences development and operating costs, and therefore profitability and employment in the tourism industry.

VERSE3 THE INFLUENCE OF CLIMATE ON TOURISM 气候对旅游的影响 Climate is determined by three main factors: 1. Latitude or distance from the Equator; 2. The distribution of land and sea and 3. Relief. 地形地貌

温和、多云、湿润的海洋性气候，给人们以舒适的感觉 Latitude is the primary factor, as this determines the angle of the sun’s rays at any given time of the year; if this is too oblique the sun’s heating power will be limited. 日照的角度与时间长度 Land surfaces heat and cool more rapidly than large areas of water. The oceans therefore act as a reservoir of warmth, so that windward coasts and islands have a maritime climate which is equable. 海洋性气候 温和、多云、湿润的海洋性气候，给人们以舒适的感觉

In many parts of the world where there are high mountains, relief has a major effect on weather patterns.   At a local scale, the energy consumption of large cities results in a climate that is appreciably warmer than the surrounding rural areas, the so-called heat island effect. 大城市的热岛效应

CLIMATE ELEMENTS AND TOURISM 气候要素与旅游 Temperature Sunshine Winds Precipitation Air quality

Temperature Average maximum (daytime) temperatures 白天的最高均温 Relative humidity 相对湿度 Tourists do vary considerably in their ability to acclimatise, according to their age, gender, body mass index, rate of metabolism （新陈代谢率）and ethnic origin.

Sunshine DISCUSSION POINT 讨论 The Pros and Cons of Sunbathing

The Pros and Cons of Sunbathing Attitudes to sunbathing have changed dramatically since the early twentieth century. Following the Industrial Revolution, there was an emphasis on sunshine as a source of vitamin D in the fight against rickets （佝偻病）and tuberculosis（肺结核）; in the 1970s a deep tan became a status symbol; whilst more recently there has been an awareness of the disadvantages of sunbathing. On a global scale the discovery of an ‘ozone hole（臭氧层空洞）’ in the stratosphere, increasing the risk of cataracts（白内障） and skin cancer, led to international action to ban CFCs（氟利昂）. Since the 1980s health authorities in the USA, South Africa and particularly in Australia have promoted media campaigns aimed at both residents and tourists to raise awareness of the dangers of over-exposure to the sun. With climate change, do you think that sunbathing will once again become unfashionable?

Winds Winds are influenced in their direction and strength by the Earth’s rotation, topography and the gradient between high- and low-pressure areas. Knowledge of wind is essential for devotees of aerial and water-based sports.

Precipitation We can also regard precipitation in its various forms of rain, hail, sleet and snow as a constraint, although much depends on its intensity, duration and seasonal distribution. We can view snow as an expensive hazard for transport or as a valuable recreational resource. Suitable locations for winter sports resorts are found mainly in accessible mountain regions, where there is snow cover to a depth of 30 centimetres or more for at least three months of the year.

Air quality Air quality is increasingly crucial as part of the concern about environmental issues and the quality of life generally. The motor vehicle is widely regarded as a major polluter, emitting nitrous oxide（一氧化二氮）, hydrocarbons（碳氢化合物） and ground level ozone.

小组作业 1、每组由3名同学组成，抽签决定分组； 2、作业内容应包括成员分工、负责区域的代表性旅游资源，PPT页面简洁，表达清晰，并配资源现状图； 3、汇报时间为30分钟，所有组员都须参与，具体分工自行决定； 4、汇报语言可选择中文或英文，中文汇报最高分85分，英文汇报最低分80分； 5、汇报前一天晚上9:00前，小组成员将汇报PPT上交至超星课程平台，每一个人都要交； 6、本作业总分100分，计入总评时，占40%。

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