經皮穿肝膽道引流術 Percutaneous Transhepatic Cholangiography and Drainage
Purpose 當膽道因結石或腫瘤造成阻塞,膽汁無法流到十二指腸,為避免膽汁滯留而造成感染,必須將膽汁引流。經皮穿肝膽道引流術即在超音波或X光透視下,在上腹經過皮膚及肝臟放置一條引流管到肝內的膽管或膽囊,來達到引流膽汁的目的 。
Anatomy
膽汁的流向 肝細胞分泌膽汁→ 微膽管→膽小管→膽管 →左右肝管→總肝管→ 膽囊管→總膽管→胰管 →肝胰壺腹→開口於十 二指腸乳頭(歐迪氏括約 肌)
Diameter of common bile duct Normal patient ---- less than 4 mm. Obstructive jaundice --- greater than 11 mm. Highly suspicious --- between 7 to 11 mm. But if C/P greater than 1 --- significant of obstructive jaundice
Gallbladder 底部(fundus) 體部(body) 頸部(neck)
Gallbladder wall thickness Normal distended GB------1-2 mm a single echogenic layer Physiologically contracted GB 3-4 mm
Pathology 阻塞性黃疸 原因: 良性 惡性 結石 CBD tumor 膽管炎或術後造成的狹窄 Pancreatic head ca 膽道出血 惡性 CBD tumor Pancreatic head ca Ampular vater ca HCC (tumor thrombus)
Chief complain Yellowish skin Tea color urine Clay color stool Skin itching Lab data Total bilirubin Alkaline-P WBC
Indication 因結石或腫瘤引起的膽道阻塞。 外傷或開刀引起的膽道挫傷及膽汁外漏。 放置金屬支架之前置步驟。 膽管內置放射線治療之前置步驟。 外科取石
Contraindication 凝血功能不佳 腹水 廣泛轉移性肝腫瘤造成阻塞性黃膽 癌末病人
Preparation Visiting patient and check lab. Data. Review previous radiological examination. Antibiotic prophylaxis (IV). permit Analgesic / sedative premedication NPO 4~6 hours
Materials N/S AIC 對比劑 Xylocaine
chiba needle 6#cruiser Telfon-needle/sheath
Guilde Wire PTCD包 Connecting tube
Dilator Pig-tail PTCS
Tie 小腿尿袋 橡皮管
Pre-PTCD imaging study Chest film Plain KUB Sonography Computed tomography ERCP MRCP
Methods 穿刺右葉肝內膽管 穿刺左葉肝內膽管 穿刺膽囊方法 內留置管引流法
Skin Pleura Peritoneum Liver capsule Bile duct
Procedure 超音波定位 plain film 消毒 局部麻醉
穿刺 達定位後拔內針 打顯影劑找膽道 抽Bile 放Guide Wire
打顯影劑做膽道攝影 放pig-tail 引流袋固定
Post procedure care Bed rest Check Bp and vital sign Wound care Record bile drained amount Record bile color change Check serum bilirubin
Complications Bleeding Sepsis Bile leakage, bile peritonitis Hepatic arterial injury Pneumothorax, biliary pleural fistula Death
PTCD的優缺點 優點 易執行 取結石 缺點 疼痛 出血、感染
Case 69歲 女性 Pancreatic ca.
71歲 男性
79歲 女性 PTGBD
56歲 女性
References 醫用解剖學 (劉紹東等人編譯) 膽道結石症之介入性放射檢查 (姜仁惠 ) 台北榮民總醫院放射線部。放射診療訓練暨 作業手冊 http://www.endoscopy.com.tw http://www.medtoday.com.tw/38806.htm
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