Epidemic encephalitis B 乙型脑炎病毒(RNA virus) 夏秋 变质性炎 蚊子
变质---卫星现象/嗜神经细胞现象/软化灶 渗出---血管套 增生---胶质结节
临床症状 嗜睡昏迷 颅神经麻痹 颅内压升高—brain hernia 脑膜刺激症
MENINGITIS 脑膜炎 呼吸道传染 菌血症/败血症 脑膜炎
症状 Patients typically show systemic signs of infection superimposed on clinical evidence of meningeal irritation and neurologic impairment, including headache, photophobia畏光, irritability, clouding of consciousness, and neck stiffness. 脑脊液 A spinal tap水龙头 yields cloudy or frankly purulent CSF, under increased pressure, with as many as 90,000 neutrophils/mm3, a raised protein level, and a markedly reduced glucose content. 细菌 Bacteria may be seen on a smear or can be cultured, sometimes a few hours before the neutrophils appear. Untreated, pyogenic meningitis can be fatal. 治疗 Effective antimicrobial agents markedly reduce mortality associated with meningitis.
化脑---蛛网膜下腔/化脓性炎 On microscopic examination, neutrophils fill the entire subarachnoid space in severely affected areas and are found predominantly around the leptomeningeal blood vessels in less severe cases.
症状 颅内压升高 脑膜刺激症---颈项强直/角弓反张episthiotonus/Kernig征 颅神经麻痹 并发症 脑积水 颅神经损伤 脑底脉管炎---管腔阻塞---脑缺血和梗死
2. Cerebrovascular Diseases
脑出血 脑内出血 蛛网膜下腔出血 硬脑膜外出血 硬脑膜下出血
ALZHEIMER DISEASE CORTICAL (grey matter) ATROPHY Commonest cause of dementias (majority) Sporadic, 5-10% familial CORTICAL (grey matter) ATROPHY NEURITIC PLAQUES* (extraneuronal) NEUROFIBRILLARY TANGLES (intraneuronal) AMYLOID!!! (i.e., “BETA” amyloid) * NB: NOT at all like MS plaques. 10
PALLOR of the SUBSTANTIA NIGRA (and LOCUS COERULEUS) PARKINSON DISEASE PALLOR of the SUBSTANTIA NIGRA (and LOCUS COERULEUS) LEWY BODIES (alpha-synuclein protein) 11
Brain Tumors The four major classes of brain tumors : Gliomas Neuronal tumors Poorly differentiated neoplasms Meningiomas
GLIOMAS Gliomas, derived from glial cells, include astrocytomas, oligodendrogliomas, ependymomas
MENINGIOMAS Atypical meningiomas (WHO grade II/IV) Anaplastic (malignant) meningioma (WHO grade III/IV)
CASE 1 病史摘要: 死者被人用塑料凳子打伤头部而入院,晚上突然死亡。
病 理 诊 断 1. 弥漫性蛛网膜下腔出血伴二侧脑室小凝血块; 2.大结节性肝硬变伴胆管增生扩张慢性炎;脾缺如; 3.肺水肿。 讨论 1 死者的内脏经病理学检查证实,其生前主要患有大脑、脑干及小脑弥漫性蛛网膜下腔出血,但脑基底动脉未见畸形或血管瘤等病变,故此蛛网膜下腔出血应考虑系由外力作用引起。 2 死者生前患有严重的大结节性肝硬变。肝硬变可导致患者凝血功能降低,在外伤情况下,易诱发出血。
CASE 2 死者在劳动时突发右侧头部抽动感,四肢及全身抽搐,伴呕吐。当时体检:“血压130/82mmHg,神志欠清,瞳孔对光反射迟钝,颈部有抵抗,四肢及全身肌肉抽搐。”予安定等处理,于当天因抢救无效死亡。
病 理 诊 断 1. 右大脑基底节及中脑灶性出血伴右侧脑室出血;(后枕部硬膜外血肿); 2.心脏肥大,左冠状动脉粥样硬化狭窄Ⅱ级; 3.肺水肿。 讨论 1.死者生前主要患有右大脑基底节及中脑灶性出血,右侧脑室出血;同时当地解剖时尚发现死者有硬膜外血肿。结合病史中死者突发右侧头部抽动感,四肢及全身抽搐,伴呕吐,迅速死亡,故我们认为其死因主要系由于上述脑出血病变导致颅内压高压,脑干生命中枢功能障碍所致。 2.死者脑出血的原因,由于病史资料有限,难以明确认定,请结合临床全面分析后加以认定。其硬膜外血肿应属外伤性。
CASE 3 因头痛伴发热七天。医院头颅CT示:右侧颞顶枕区见低密度区。一个月前有“肺炎”史。后出现嗜睡昏迷。考虑颅内压增高,在全麻下,行双侧额颞去大骨瓣减压及右额占位活检术。术后抽搐昏迷死亡。
病 理 诊 断 1.大脑、脑干及小脑化脓性炎伴脑实质内多发性小脓肿形成;大脑及脑干多发性灶性出血;脑水肿; 2.小叶性肺炎伴早期脓肿形成,急性肺水肿; 3.两侧头皮下血肿,颅骨多处手术切口,手术缝合切口周围血肿。 讨论 1.本例主要病变在脑,肺。表现为大脑、脑干及小脑化脓性炎伴脑实质内多发性小脓肿形成和多发性灶性出血,脑水肿;肺部为小叶性肺炎伴早期脓肿形成,急性肺水肿。 2.结合病史,我们考虑脑部化脓性炎为肺部炎症播散而来。 3.由于脑和脑干的化脓性炎伴实质的出血坏死,生命中枢受到抑制,最终由于呼吸和循环功能衰竭而死亡。
小结 流脑 化脓性炎/华-佛综合征 乙脑 软化灶/卫星现象/嗜神经细胞现象/血管套/胶质细胞结节 流脑和乙脑 区别。 AD ( SP,NFT), PD ( SN, LB)