細菌的代謝 metabolism Usually, bacteria produce extracellular enzymes to degrade (or digest) surrounding nutrient molecules into small molecules for importing those nutrients into bacterial cells. Carbohydrate source Nitrogen source (mainly protein) Lipid Chapter 26, 27, and28
Because different groups of bacteria have different nutrient requirements, the enzymatic activities for nutrients could be used for a reference for bacterial identification. the most commonly used enzymatic (or called biochemical) activities for identification is the IMViC test.
IMViC試驗 (IMViC Test) 腸道桿菌科中主要組別之鑑定,可依其對特異受質之生化性質與酵素反應而定。可用IMViC之系列試驗,包括蚓垛(indole)試驗、甲基紅(methyl red)試驗、伏普(Voges Proskauer)試驗及檸檬酸鹽利用(citrate utilization)試驗。 IMViC試驗包含四個測試:I指Indole產生試驗,M:指Methyl red試驗,Vi:指Voges-Proskauer試驗,C:指Citrate試驗。
Indole production test 色氨酸(tryptophan)為主要氨基酸的一種,可藉由某些微生物之酵素作用進行氧化,即以色氨酸酵素(tryptophanase)將其轉變為代謝產物(indole, pyruvic acid, ammonia),其反應如下:
並非所有微生物皆有水解色氨酸之能力,故可作為生化反應指標,本實驗使用SIM瓊脂,內含色氨酸作為受質,若微生物分解色氨酸(tryptophan)產生indole,當加入柯瓦克試劑(Kovac' reagent)時,indole與柯瓦克試劑(Kovac' reagent)反應時,試劑層會呈櫻桃紅色。試劑中含ρ-dimethylaminobenzaldehyde 、butanol(丁醇)及鹽酸,indole被酸化丁醇萃取至試劑層,再與ρ -dimethylaminobenzaldehyde形成複合物,產生櫻桃紅色,其反應如下:
SIM medium Pancreatic Digest of Casein.................... 20.0 g Peptic Digest of Animal Tissue …............. 6.1 g Ferrous Ammonium Sulfate .................... 0.2 g Sodium Thiosulfate .….............................. 0.2 g Agar ......................................................... 3.5 g
Methyl red test 當細菌利用葡萄糖醱酵的過程中,可能產生不同的終產物,有些菌利用葡萄糖時會產生大量的酸,有些菌則會將酸性物質轉換為偏中性物質。當細菌利用葡萄糖產生高濃度酸性產物時,若加入甲基紅指示劑,則有紅色生成。 雖然所有腸道細菌皆可醱酵葡萄糖產生有機酸,但本實驗仍可區分Escherichia coli 和Enterogenes aerogenes。此二菌於培養初期均可產生有機酸終產物,但Escherichia coli於培養終了仍可穩定維持低酸性pH4,Enterogenes aerogenes則於後期將酸性產物轉為乙醇與乙醯甲基甲醇(acetylmethylcarbinol)等偏中性物質,致使pH升高至6左右,甲基紅於pH4範圍時呈紅 色,表陽性反應,於pH6時仍顯現酸之存在,但因離子濃度較低,甲基紅轉為黃色,表陰性反應。產生非酸性產物之檢測可用VP test測得。(methyl red變色範圍:pH4.4紅色~pH6.0黃色)
VP test用以測定微生物代謝葡萄糖所產生之有機酸轉變為非酸性或中性產物如乙醯甲基甲醇(acetylmethylcarbinol)之能力,本試驗使用 試劑為巴利特氏試劑(Barritt’s reagent),包括酒精-a-奈酚(a-naphthol)之混合液與40﹪氫氧化鉀溶液,反應乃利用a-奈酚作為催化劑,將乙醯甲基甲醇氧化為二乙 醯化合物,再與培養基中蛋白質降解產生之亞胺基甲二胺基(guanidine)形成粉紅色複合物,培養基於加入巴利特氏試劑後15分鐘內,呈深玫瑰色者, 表示乙醯甲基甲醇存在,即陽性反應,如無變化,為陰性結果。化學反應如下所示:
Both tests are performed in the same medium in same tube (相同培養基) This medium is used to detect both mixed acid fermentation and 2,3 butanediol fermenters Strains of E. coli are mixed acid fermenters; they degrade carbohydrates into acidic end products such as: lactic acid, acetic acid, succinic acid, and formic acid The Methyl-Red tests for acidic products resulting from fermentation These acidic products will drop the pH of the medium to pH 4.5 or below Methyl red pH indicator will turn red if mixed acid fermentation has occurred
MR/VP (continued) The Enterobacter-Klebsiella groups produce ethanol and 2,3 butanediol The Voges-Proskauer test determines the presence of acetyl-methyl-carbinol (acetoin), which is a precursor to 2,3 butanediol The presence of 2,3 butanediol cannot directly be determined MRVP broth has several components: Peptone Glucose Buffer
MR/VP is a fermentation test for glucose Usually, the results are opposite for MR and VP EX: Fermentation (acidic end products) MR+ (VP-) Glucose Fermentation (alcoholic end products) VP+ (MR-) No fermentation (no acid or alcohol products) (MR- & VP-) MR (+) bacteria can produce lactose, succinate, formate, and acetate VP (+) bacteria can produce acetoin, acetyl-methyl carbinol, ETOH
Citrate utilization test 有些細菌於缺乏葡萄糖或乳糖可利用的情況下,可利用檸檬酸鹽(citrate)為其生長之唯一碳源,供其能量。其利用能力係因檸檬酸鹽滲透酵素(citrate permease)可促使檸檬酸鹽進入細胞內,而檸檬酸鹽為克氏循環中主要中間產物,當檸檬酸鹽酵素(citrase)作用於檸檬酸鹽時產生草醋酸(oxalacetic acid)與醋酸鹽(acetic acid),此產物再經酵素作用轉變為焦葡萄酸(pyruvic acid)與二氧化碳,所產生之二氧化碳與水結合成碳酸鈉,而成鹼性產物,使培養基中pH值升高,此時培養基中之溴瑞香草藍由綠色變為藍色。 培養之後若斜面有生長情形,且培養基變藍色,表陽性反應。陰性反應則不會有菌生長,且培養基維持綠色。
Simmon’s Citrate agar is used to determine an organism’s ability to use citrate as a sole carbon source Simon’s citrate agar is a defined medium in which sodium citrate is the sole carbon source, and ammonium is the sole nitrogen source Bromothymol blue (BTB) is included as a pH indicator The medium is initially at pH 6.9, at which BTB is green; at a pH greater than 7.6 BTB turns a deep blue
Materials and methods Bacteria: Escherichia coli, Enterobacter aerogenes (腸內產氣菌; aero:air; genes: generate) Medium: SIM (1), MR/VP (2), Citrate agar(1)
methods Indole production test Methyl red test 以無菌操作將SIM agar 穿刺接種後 (深入約 1cm),37℃下培養18-24小時。 滴加5滴柯瓦氏試劑。 觀察試劑層之顏色變化,表面紅色為陽性反應。 依觀察結果判斷菌體水解色氨酸的能力。 Methyl red test 以無菌操作接種 VP medium穿刺接種(深入約 1cm) ,37℃下培養18-24小時。 滴加1滴甲基紅指示劑。 紅色為陽性反應 依觀察結果判斷菌體醱酵葡萄糖產生高濃度酸性物質之能力。 。
Voges-Proskauer test Citrate test 以無菌操作接種 VP medium穿刺接種後 (深入約 1cm) ,37℃下培養18-24小時。 加 6滴 A 試劑進入VP培養基。 再加2 滴B 試劑 (必需依照順序) 。 15分鐘內觀察結果。 紅色為陽性反應。 Citrate test 以無菌操作接種citrate agar slant 表面接種後 ,37℃下培養18-24小時。 不需加任何試劑。 變藍色者為陽性反應。
Indole (the second tube from left has a typical positive result. The forth tube from left has a typical result of H2S) Methyl red test
Voges-Proskauer test (the third tube from left has a typical result) Citrate test (the second tube from left has a typical result)
C: turbid – positive; clear-negative
Indole Methyl Red VP Citrate + + - - - + E. coli + + - Enterobacter. aerogenes - - +