Ch14 文獻規範

意義 與研究相關著作之 分類 組織 描述 評估 功勞歸於原作者

目標 讀者要求： 有那些文獻 研究者之整合評論 展示研究者： 對相關資訊之整體認知 對研究概念之整合與評論能力

能力 資訊搜尋 (Information Seeking)： 對有用文獻之有效人工或電腦化之整體搜尋 關鍵性評論 (Critical Appraisal)： 辨識有效度研究文獻之分析能力

要求 組織資訊： 使之與研究者發展之命題或問題產生關聯 整合結果： 已知與未知之綜整 辨識爭論： 文獻中出現之正反辯論 組織資訊： 使之與研究者發展之命題或問題產生關聯 整合結果： 已知與未知之綜整 辨識爭論： 文獻中出現之正反辯論 發展問題： 進一步研究

內文引述原則 莫以文獻作者姓名開始 有效組織評論 展現情境或辨識趨勢之有效資訊

自我審查 是否有助於定義研究命題與問題 類型如何區分：理論，方法 範圍及領域是否周全 廣深度與數量是否足以支持研究 是否與研究問題有關聯 是否對文獻實施評論分析 是否引述並討論不同研究觀點 讀者如何看本研究之文獻探討

文獻引用規範 註腳與註釋 Chicago Style: Turabian Bibliography Form MLA「現代語言協會」插句系統 APA「美國心理學會」作者年代系統 Vancouver Style 標號系統 電子資訊之引用

註腳與註釋 常用於人文領域 Footnote「註腳」用於頁底 Endnote「註釋」用於篇後 較常用於說明文獻特殊觀點，非取代文獻 須配合 Bibliography「參考文獻」使用 Turabian Bibliographic Form: Footnote/Endnote Style

Turabian 註腳註釋 書籍：單一作者 Text: Charles Hullmandel experimented with lithographic techniques throughout the early nineteenth century, patenting the "lithotint" process in 1840.1 First footnote: 1Michael Twyman, Lithography 1800-1850 (London: Oxford University Press, 1970), 145-146. Second footnote: 2Twyman, 50. Endnote: 1. Michael Twyman, Lithography 1800-1850 (London: Oxford University Press, 1970), 145-146. 2. lbid., 50 Bibliography: Twyman, Michael. Lithography 1800-1850. London: Oxford University Press, 1970.

Turabian 註腳註釋 書籍：多名作者 First footnote: 4Leonard B. Meyer, et al., The Concept of Style, ed. Berel Lang (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1979), 56. Second footnote: 5Meyer, et al., The Concept of Style, 90. Bibliography: Meyer, Leonard B., Kendall Walton, Albert Hofstadter, Svetlana Alpers, George Kubler, Richard Wolheim, Monroe Beardsley, Seymour Chatman, Ann Banfield, and Hayden White. The Concept of Style. Edited by Berel Lang. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1979.

Turabian 註腳註釋 學術期刊 First footnote: 27Lawrence Freedman, "The Changing Roles of Military Conflict," Survival 40, no. 4 (1998): 52. Second footnote: 28Freedman, "The Changing Roles of Military Conflict," 49. Bibliography: Freedman, Lawrence. "The Changing Roles of Miltary Conflict." Survival 40, no. 4 (1998): 39-56.

Turabian 註腳註釋 電子期刊 同期刊註記，另加上 URL 網站及擷取日期 31Lawrence Freedman, "The Changing Roles of Military Conflict," Survival 40, no. 4 (1998):52 [journal on-line]; available from http://www3.oup.co.uk/surviv/hdb/Volume_40/Issue_04/pdf/ 400039.pdf; Internet; accessed 24 April 2002.

Turabian 插句系統 Parenthetical Reference 常用於自然與社會科學領域 又稱「作者年代」系統 按字母排序之 Bibliography「參考文獻」 Turabian Bibliographic Form: Parenthetical Reference

Turabian 插句系統 書籍 Text: Author Charles Hullmandel experimented with lithographic techniques throughout the early nineteenth century, patenting the "lithotint" process in 1840 (Twyman 1970, 145-146). Editor Human beings are the sources of "all international politics;" even though the holders of political power may change, this remains the same (Hudson 1997, 5). Reference List: Hudson, Valerie, N., ed. 1997. Culture and Foreign Policy. Boulder: L. Rienner Publishers. Twyman, Michael. 1970 Lithography 1800-1850. London: Oxford University Press.

Turabian 插句系統 書籍：多名作者 Text: (Keat and Urry 1982, 196) (Meyer et al. 1979, 56) Reference List: Keat, Russell, and John Urry. 1982. Social theory as science. 2nd. ed. London: Routledge and K. Paul. Meyer, Leonard B., Kendall Walton, Albert Hofstadter, Svetlana Alpers, George Kubler, Richard Wolheim, Monroe Beardsley, Seymour Chatman, Ann Banfield, and Hayden White. 1979. The concept of style. Edited by Berel Lang. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.

課間休息

Turabian 插句系統 學術期刊 Text: (Freedman 1998, 52) (Kirby 1997, 520) Reference List: Freedman, Lawrence. 1998 The changing roles of military conflict. Survival 40, no. 4: 39-56. Kirby, John T. 1997. Aristotle on metaphor. American Journal of Philology 118: 517-554.

Turabian 插句系統 電子期刊 如無頁數可省略，直接註記作者年代即可，如 (Rushdie 1999) Text: (Freedman 1998, 52) (Kirby 1997, 520) Reference List: 加上 URL 網址及資料擷取日期 Freedman, Lawrence. 1998. The changing roles of military conflict. Survival 40, no. 4: 39-56. Journal on-line. Available from http://www3.oup.co.uk/surviv/hdb/Volume_40/Issue_04/ pdf/400039.pdf. Accessed 24 April 2002. Kirby, John T. 1997. Aristotle on metaphor. American Journal of Philology 118: 517-554. Journal on-line. Available from http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/american_journal_of_philology/ v118/118.4kirby.pdf. Accessed 24 April 2002.

Turabian 插句系統 書籍書籍：多名作者 First footnote: 4Leonard B. Meyer, et al., The Concept of Style, ed. Berel Lang (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1979), 56. Second footnote: 5Meyer, et al., The Concept of Style, 90. Bibliography: Meyer, Leonard B., Kendall Walton, Albert Hofstadter, Svetlana Alpers, George Kubler, Richard Wolheim, Monroe Beardsley, Seymour Chatman, Ann Banfield, and Hayden White. The Concept of Style. Edited by Berel Lang. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1979.

Turabian 插句系統 學術期刊 First footnote: 27Lawrence Freedman, "The Changing Roles of Military Conflict," Survival 40, no. 4 (1998): 52. Second footnote: 28Freedman, "The Changing Roles of Military Conflict," 49. Bibliography: Freedman, Lawrence. "The Changing Roles of Miltary Conflict." Survival 40, no. 4 (1998): 39-56.

Turabian 插句系統 電子期刊 同期刊註記，另加上 URL 網站及擷取日期 31Lawrence Freedman, "The Changing Roles of Military Conflict," Survival 40, no. 4 (1998):52 [journal on-line]; available from http://www3.oup.co.uk/surviv/hdb/Volume_40/Issue_04/pdf/ 400039.pdf; Internet; accessed 24 April 2002.

MLA 插句系統 Modern Language Association MLA Parenthetical Author-Page References System MLA Handbook for Writers of Research Papers Sixth Edition (2003) 內文句後以 ( ) 括弧標註作者及文獻頁數 用於文學領域

MLA 插句系統範例 Text: (Brown 111), (qtd. In Mahieu 969) Reference List: Brown, Joan. The Renaissance Stage. Toronto: U of Toronto P, 1996. Mahieu, Aline. Acting Shakespeare. Toronto: Gibson, 1995. Shakespeare, William. Hamlet, The Norton Introduction to Literature, 4th ed. Ed. Carl E. Bain, Jerome Beaty, and J. Paul Hunter. New York: Norton, 1986. 941-1033

APA 插句系統 American Psychological Association APA Parenthetical Author-Date References System Publication Manual of the APA Fifth Edition (2001) 內文句後以 ( ) 括弧標註作者及文獻年代 用於自然與社會科學領域

APA 插句系統範例 Text: Pinker (1994) (Tannenbaum, Leung, Sudha, & White, 1992). Reference List: Pinker, S. (1994). The language instinct: How the mind creates language. New York: Morrow. Tannenbaum, R. V., Leung, K., Sudha, J. R., & White, M. A. (1992). A re-examination of the record: Pitty Sing's creation of compound words. Journal of Biostatistics, 6, 368-396.

標號系統 Numbered Notes 又稱 Vancouver Style 直接在句後以括弧依序標註標號 參考文獻亦編號 用於科學或應用科學領域

標號系統範例 Text: Gastrointestinal symptoms in some patients have been found to be related to specific life crises (1,2) such as … Reference List: You CH, Lee KY, Chey RY, Menguy R. Electrogastrographic study of patients with unexplained nausea, bloating and vomiting. Gastroenterology 1980;79:311-4. Dauphin J, Colomba J. Nausea as symptom in school-entering children. In: Sodeman WA, ed. Stress-related illness. Copenhagen: Munksgaard; 1993. pp. 12-8.

電子資訊之引用 盡可能詳列作者、標題、日期、來源等資訊，使讀者可據以追循 Harnack and Kleppinger. Online! The Internet Guide for Students and Writers.

電子資訊 Laser Disk Film on laser disc, listed by director: note in endnote/footnote system 範例 7Hitchcock, Alfred, dir. Suspicion. Perf. Cary Grant and Joan Fontaine. 1941. Laser disc. Turner, 1995.

電子資訊 E-mail MLA system, item in Works Cited: Sills, Laine. <lsills@mcmaster.ca> "Took that First Step!“ Personal e-mail to Margaret Procter. 16 Nov. 2002. APA system, reference in text: The most recent experiments in walking also use this method (L. Sills, personal communication, November 16, 2002).

電子資訊 Web Document MLA system, item in Works Cited: Procter, Margaret. "Writing an effective admissions letter." Writing at the University of Toronto. 10 Feb. 2002 <http://www.utoronto.ca/writing/admiss.html> APA system, item in Reference List: Procter, M. Writing an Effective Admissions Letter. Writing at the University of Toronto. Retrieved September 2, 2002 from http://www.utoronto.ca/writing/admiss.html

電子資訊 Article in Online Journal MLA system, item in Works Cited: Hill, Robin. "What Sample Size is Enough in Internet Survey Research?" Interpersonal Computing and Technology 6:3 (July 1998). <http://nau.edu/ipct/1998/n3/hill.html> APA system, item in Reference List: Hill, R. (July 1998). What sample size is enough in Internet survey research? Interpersonal Computing and Technology, 6:3. Retrieved October 25, 2002 from http://nau.edu/ipct/1009/n3/hill.html