Unit 2 Key points summary

Activity 1: Formal Vs. functional equivalence Formal equivalence (形式对等) focuses on the match between the source text and the target text as close as possible in both form and content; while functional equivalence （功能对等）stresses the closest parallel of the target text to the source text in communicative function.

Activity 1: Formal Vs. functional equivalence It is as significant as a game of cricket. 这件事同板球赛一样重要。 这件事同吃饭一样重要。 这件事情非常重要。

Activity 1: Formal Vs. functional equivalence If the communicative function of the source text can be translated into the target text without having to change the form of the former, formal equivalence should be strived for; whereas if the strict reservation of the structure of the source text constitutes an obstacle to the transmission of the communicative function, adjustment then needs to be made structurally for the establishment of functional equivalence. With such a distinction, Nida initially approached translation from the communicative perspective and highlighted the impact of the translator’s purpose, the reader’s response and cultural elements on translation.

Activity 2: Differences between English and Chinese in the order of modifiers In English, nouns, adjectives, adverbs, infinitives, participles , or clauses can all be used as modifiers. Their positions in sentences, however, are different from those of their Chinese counterparts. Therefore, English modifiers, when being translated into Chinese, often need to be reordered.

Activity 2: Differences between English and Chinese in the order of modifiers The three counties underwent (1) the (2) fourth (3) most serious (4) natural disaster (5) that plagued several provinces (6) in China (7) in the 1970’s. （1）限定性定语、（2）次第定语、（3）判断性定语、 （4）本质性定语、中心词、（5）陈述性定语、 （6）国别定语、（7）时间定语 这三个县经历了（1）那场（6）中国（7）七十年代（2） 第四次（3）极为严重的（5）遍及数省的（4）自然灾害。

Activity 2: Differences between English and Chinese in the order of modifiers (1) For this reason, our company explained (2) solemnly (3) to your company (4)many times (5) in February (6) last year. （1）目的状语、主语、谓语、（2）方式状语、 （3）指涉状语、 （4）频度状语、（5）时间状语中 月份、（6）时间状语中的年份 我公司（1）为此（6）于去年（5）二月（4）多次（3） 向贵公司（2）郑重声明。

Activity 3: Changing the part of speech The part of speech of an English word needs to be changed when it is being translated into Chinese (转性 译法)；otherwise the Chinese may sound awkward or unnatural.

Activity 3: Changing the part of speech 1. Every morning he would go to the lake area for a walk. 每天早上她都要到湖区散步。（名词转动词） 2. Millions of the people in the mountainous areas are finally off poverty. 千百万山区人民终于摆脱了贫困。（介词转动词） 3. It was a very formative meeting. 会上公布了许多信息。（形容词转动词）

Activity 4: Main clause first A phrase or a clause in an English sentence, when being translated into Chinese, can stand on its own as a separate sentence (分句译法), often following the main clause, to add to it further information.

Activity 4: Main clause first 1. During several hours of semi-conscious sleep, Lydia dream of Jacque, feeling his presence. 莉迪娅梦见了雅克，觉得他就在身边。过去几小时中 她一直处在这种半睡半醒的状态。（短语切分成句） 2. With all humility, I would appeal to all powers to heed the voice of an anxious humanity in all countries, which implores us to be considerate of difficulties, objective in our judgement, ad measured in our speech. 我谨请各大国关注世界各大洲人类焦虑的呼声。它恳请我们考虑 难要周到，判断要客观，说话有有分寸。（从句切分成句）

Why not do the supplementary exercises for further practice Why not do the supplementary exercises for further practice? The keys and comments are also provided for your reference.