Unit three Young William Shakespeare I. Objectives --- to practice reading skills (I & II) --- to learn the new terms and expressions in the passage --- to understand the difficult sentences ---掌握英汉词汇翻译技巧：词汇耦合与 并行

II. Background 1. An English poet and playwright, widely regarded as the greatest writer in the English Language and the world's pre-eminent dramatist. He is often called England's national poet and the "Bard of Avon“(艾冯河畔诗人). His surviving works, including some collaborations, consist of about 38 plays, 154 sonnets, two long narrative poems, and several other poems. His plays have been translated into every major living language and are performed more often than those of any other playwright.

2. Works Comedies All‘s Well That Ends Well 《终成眷属》 As You Like It 《皆大欢喜》 The Comedy of Errors 《错误的喜剧》 Love's Labour's Lost 《爱的徒劳》 Measure for Measure《一报还一报》 The Merchant of Venice《威尼斯商人》 The Merry Wives of Windsor 《温莎的风流娘们》

2) Tragedies Romeo and Juliet 《罗密欧与茱丽叶》 Timon of Athens《雅曲的泰门》 Julius Caesar 《恺撒大帝》 Macbeth《麦克白》 Hamlet 《哈姆雷特》

3) Histories King John Richard II Henry IV, Part 1 Henry IV, Part 2 Henry V Henry VI, Part 1†

4) Poems Shakespeare's sonnets Venus and Adonis The Rape of Lucrece

3. Quotes The course of true love never did run smooth. (A Midsummer Night’s Dream 1.1) 真爱无坦途。 ——《仲夏夜之梦》 To be or not to be: that is a question. (Hamlet 3.1) 生存还是毁灭，这是个值得考虑的问题。——《哈姆雷特》

All the world‘s a stage. And all the men and women merely players: they have their exits and their entrances; And one man in his time plays many parts… 世界是一个舞台，所有的男男女女不过是一些演员，他们都有下场的时候，也都有上场的时候。一个人的一生中扮演着好几个角色。

Brevity is the soul of wit. (Hamlet 2.2) 简洁是智慧的灵魂。 There is nothing either good or bad, but thinking makes it so. (Hamlet 2.2) 世上之事物本无善恶之分，思想使然。

Love is blind and lovers cannot see the pretty follies that themselves commit. 爱情是盲目的，恋人们看不到自己做的傻事。 All that glisters is not gold. 闪光的并不都是金子。

III. The text Part I (the 1st-7th paragraphs ) The author started the life story of Shakespear by a story.

Part II (The 8th paragraph till the the second paragraph from the bottom on p37.) His unhappy life in his hometown.

Part III. His success in London as a actor and a playwright.

IV. Details ◆ playwright: a person who writes plays e.g. That man was just beginning a career as a novelist and playwright. 这名男子是位小说家和剧作家，事业刚刚起步。

◆ambition: strong desire for success or achievement 野心勃勃的；有雄心的 e.g. He says it is time to set an even greater ambition. 他说，现在是设定一个更加雄心勃勃的目标的时候了。

◆ orchard：an area of land devoted to the cultivation of fruit trees 果园

◆ …we saw his enraged red face above the wall on the far side of the field. enraged: marked by extreme anger 暴怒的，愤怒的 e.g. The sanction on the country evidently enraged its people. 对于这个国家的制裁显然激怒了该国的人民。

◆ Will and I ran like the wind and only stopped when we reached the river. 我和威尔象风一样地飞快奔跑，直到河边才停下来。 The figurative expression: run like the wind---run very fast lest they should be caught by the farmer.

◆ Latin: the language of ancient Rome and the Roman Empire and of the educated in medieval Europe (古罗马、罗马帝国和中世纪受过教育的欧洲人所讲)拉丁语 ◆ Geofrrey Chaucer：杰弗里·乔叟 (英国诗人)

◆ I want that more than anything else in the world. In this context it means “ Among all the professions, Shakespeare wanted to be a writer the most. “ 我最想成为一个作家。

◆ expedition:an organized journey or voyage for a specific purpose, esp for exploration or for a scientific or military purpose 探险；远征

◆We made a lot of plans, but nothing ever came of them. （P）We made a lot of plans, but not any of them was carried out or had any result. （T）我们制定了很多计划，但是没有一项有结果。

◆gloomy: causing or producing gloom; depressing 忧郁的；沮丧的 e.g. For most of the past year the mood across the continent has been deeply gloomy. 在过去几乎一年的时间里，欧洲大陆上空弥漫着沮丧的情绪。

◆ “ She is going to be as beautiful as the queen of Egypt and as clever as.” Egyptian queen, Cleopatra, noted for her beauty and charisma. 埃及王后，克利奥帕特拉，以美貌与感召力而闻名 king Solomon, King of Israel famous for his wisdom 所罗门，以色列国王，以智慧而闻名 （T）她将和埃及王后一样美丽，和所罗门国王一样聪慧。

◆ monotonous: dull and tedious, esp because of repetition 单调的；千篇一律的 The formation of the adjective: mono- a prefix meaning “one ” or “single” tone:the quality or character of sound 声调；语气 -ous: a suffix indicating the part of speech

e.g. After a certain period, a job becomes monotonous and people become bored and eventually even lazy. 一段时间过后，工作会变得乏味，人们会觉得无聊，最终甚至变得懒惰。

◆ insignificant:having little or no importance; trifling无关紧要的 ;非常渺小的 e.g. To the ant, man is huge, to the nature, man is insignificant. 人相对蚂蚁是庞大的，但相对自然，人却是渺小的。

◆ versatile：capable of doing many things competently 多才多艺的 e.g. Shakespeare was the most versatile actor in the troupe. (T) 莎士比亚是那个剧团里最为多才多艺的演员。

VI. Translation skill （二） 英汉词汇对比特征及翻译 从对比语义学角度分析中英文的词汇，它们之间存在四个基本特征（谭载喜，2000）：词汇耦合、词汇并行、词汇空缺、词汇冲突。

1.词汇偶合 人类生活在同一物质世界里，自然生活条件基本上是相同或相似的，对自然界的认识也有相同之处。因此，汉语和英语中存在不少选词、用词上的相同之处。双语词典正是基于这样的共性的基础之上编写的。 如：water 和汉语中的“水”是对应的词 a glass of water 一杯水 clean water 干净水 water pollution 水污染

一对一偶合 英汉数字是一对一偶合。 壹---one 拾---ten 一对二偶合 哥哥 爷爷 brother grandfather 弟弟 姥爷

一对多偶合 堂兄 home 堂妹 house cousin 表兄 家 family 表妹 household

①贫穷的 ①温度高的 ②不幸的 ②辛辣的 poor ③劣质的 hot ③活跃的；激烈的 ④不熟练的 ④艰难的；棘手的 ⑤风靡一时的 ⑥最新的

2. 词汇并行 操不同语言的人因为生活在不同的地域和气候环境下，同一个概念可能用不同的语言来描述，这种情况就是词汇或表达上的并行。 e.g. 汉--- 英-- 壮如牛 strong as a horse 胆小如鼠 timid as a rabbit 蠢如猪 stupid as a goose 挥金如土 spend money like water