Globalization, changing world of work & Challenges before Trade Unions 全球化、劳动世界变化及工会面临的挑战 Arun Kumar 阿如恩·库马

How is it changing the world? Globalization 全球化 How is it changing the world? 全球化怎样改变了世界？ Participants views… 学员的看法…… Picture Source: Kate Raworth, Oxfam presentation on Trade & Human Development

Some implications of New Policies 新政策的意义 Shift from development cooperation to free trade; 从发展合作到自由贸易： Competition between Unequals “不平等者”之间的竞争 Equality of “access” (to international trade) does not mean equality of “opportunity” (because of unequal capabilities) （国际贸易）“准入”平等并不意味着“机遇”平等（因为能力不均衡） Decline in public regulation of business – markets Know the best, will self regulate; 企业公共监管放松——市场是万能的，可以自我监管； Mobile capital & ‘rights’ of capital 资本流动和资本的“权利” Strain on international labour solidarity 国际劳工团结所面临的压力

Unequally placed World (2002, in %) 不平等的世界（2002年，%） Share in World Income/GDP 全球收入/GDP份额 Share in World Trade 全球贸易份额 Share in FDI 外商直接投资份额 HIC (80.5), MIC (11.5), LIC (2), China & India (6) 发达国家（80.5）、发展中国家（11.5）、最不发达国家（2）、中国 和印度（6） HIC (72.9), MIC (15.6), LIC (2.7), China & India (8.7) 发达国家（72.9）、发展中国家（15.6）、最不发达国家（2.7）、中国 和印度（8.7） HIC (76.6), MIC (12.5), LIC (1.1), China & India (9.8) 发达国家（80.5）、发展中国家（12.5）、最不发达国家（1.1）、中国和印度（9.8） Source: ILR, 2004/1-2, Vol 14376.6Geneva

Changing world of work 劳动世界的变化 Changing nature of employment & employment relationships 就业性质和雇佣关系的变化 Implications of flexible employment for workers rights 灵活就业对工人权利的影响 The new worker – young, educated, migrant, women, precarious 新型工人——年轻人、知识分子、移民、妇女、非正规工人 Factory size , outsourcing of production & labour 工厂规模，生产和劳动力外包 Shift towards services sector 向服务行业转变 Finance capital – the ‘new’ decision makers (Private Equity) 金融资本——“新”决策制定者（私募基金） Sources of trade union power? 工会力量源泉？

Growth not generating adequate employment 经济增长没有带来足够的就业 [2001-2008] Source: Report of the DG 15th Asia and the Pacific Regional Meeting, ILO 资料来源：国际劳工组织第15届亚太区域会议总干事报告

Percentage of workers living in poverty and extreme poverty 生活在贫困和极度贫困中的工人比例

Gaps between wages and productivity 工资和劳动生产力之间的差距 Wage share (labour share) tends to be falling 工资份额（劳动份额）有下滑趋势 部分G20国家工资和劳动生产力增长情况 工资 产出／人 德国 日本 美国 韩国

Wages lag behind productivity 工资增长滞后于生产率增长 Output per worker in Asia grew on average by 4.1% p.a. between 2000 & 2009, much higher than in the rest of the world 0.4%) 亚洲工人人均产出在2000年-2009年平均每年增长4.1%，远远高于世界其他地方（0.4%）。 BUT average real wages grew by only 1.9% per year 但是平均实际工资每年仅增长了1.9%。 Leading to decline in labor's share of national income and contributing to rising inequality & restricted domestic markets. 导致了劳动力占国民收入中的比重下降，贫富差异加剧，国内市场受限制

& Decent Work? 体面劳动？ 2006-2015: Decent Work Decade for A-P region 2006-2015：亚太区域体面劳动十年 BUT – 但是 - About 1.1 billion workers, or 60% of the region’s workers, are in vulnerable employment [63% women & 58% men] 约11亿工人——占该区域工人总量的60%，处于非正规就业（女性63%，男性58%） While extreme poverty has reduced, still about 73% of the world’s working poor are in Asia 极度贫困有所减缓，但是仍有73%的世界贫困人口生活在 亚洲。

How do working people share in benefits of economic growth? 劳动人民怎样分享经济发展成果？

还需要政策来促进“体面劳动”——经济增长和贫困之间的关键联系——工资和社会保护作为经济增长的需求源泉 Economic growth is necessary But not sufficient condition. 经济增长是必要条件，但不是充分条件 What is also needed are policies that promote ‘decent work’ - the critical link between economic growth and poverty – wages & social protection as source of demand in the economy 还需要政策来促进“体面劳动”——经济增长和贫困之间的关键联系——工资和社会保护作为经济增长的需求源泉

2008 ILO Declaration on Social Justice for a Fair Globalization 2008年国际劳工组织《争取社会正义的公平全球化宣言》 Expresses the contemporary vision of the ILO mandate in the era of globalization 描述了全球化时代国际劳工组织的当下职责 Institutionalizes the Decent Work concept, placing it at the core of ILO’s work to achieve its constitutional objectives 将体面劳动概念体制化，将其放入国际劳工组织实现其章程的工作核心 4 strategic objectives of Decent Work (Employment, Social Protection, Social Dialogue & tripartitism and basic rights at work) are inseparable, interrelated and mutually supportive - failure to promote any one of them would harm progress towards the others 体面劳动的四项战略目标（就业、社会保护、社会对话和三方机制、工作中的基本权利）密不可分、相互关联、互为支撑——任何一项不能达成都会妨碍另外几项的实现

Implementing ILO Declaration’s Objectives 实施国际劳工组织宣言目标 Achieving the strategic objectives is a question that must be determined by each Member subject to its existing international obligations and the fundamental principles and rights at work with due regard, among others, to: 实现战略目标，必须由各成员国根据其现有国际义务，以工作中的基本原则和权利为基础，同时考虑： the national conditions and circumstances, and needs as well as priorities expressed by representative organizations of employers and workers; 国家条件和情况、具有代表性的雇主组织和工人组织所表达的需求和工作重点；

FoA & Collective Bargaining 结社自由和集体谈判 Asia has the lowest ratification of the Convention 87 (19) and Convention 98 (25). 亚洲是批准第87号公约（19个）和第98号公约（25个）最少的区域。 Important countries like China, India, Iran, Korea, Burma, Thailand, Vietnam, etc have not ratified these conventions although FoA & Right to collective bargaining exists in some form or the other. 中国、印度、伊朗、韩国、缅甸、泰国、越南等主要国家还没有批准这两项公约，尽管结社自由和集体谈判以某种形式存在。 In practice, little or no respect for workers right to form unions, to union recognition & to negotiate collective agreements - (TU density & CB coverage range between 1-19%). 实际上，工人成立工会、工会受到认可、集体谈判的权利很少或没有受到尊重（入会率和集体谈判率介于1-19%）

Agenda for Unions… 工会的纲领 Ensure Right to Organize & Right to Collective Bargaining! 保证组织权利和集体谈判权利 Set nationwide floor labour standards –that apply to all workers & employers (de-link labour standards from permanency of employment); Roof to be attained thru Collective Bargaining – the right to which should be ensured. 设定全国劳工标准底线——适用于所有工人和雇主（劳工标准不与永久雇佣挂钩）；通过集体谈判实现最佳待遇——集体谈判权利应受到保证 What should be these minimum standards? 最低标准应该是什么？ ______________________________________________________ Role of Chinese unions in China today & in the world – discussion point. 中国工会在当今中国和世界的作用——讨论点

Country Situation Review: Group Work 国情审议：分组讨论 List the major changes that have affected (positively or negatively) the employment situation in your country? 列出（正面或负面）影响中国就业形势的主要变化。 What are the main problems facing Chinese workers? 中国工人主要面临哪些问题？ What are the main shortcomings of the labour laws in your country? 中国劳动立法有哪些主要缺陷？ What are main demands of the employers in China? 中国的雇主有哪些主要需求？ What are the ‘means’ available to Chinese unions to enforce workers rights? 中国工会有哪些“途径”维护工人权益？