如何写学术论文 ——以《红楼梦》英译为例 冯全功 南开大学外国语学院 如何写学术论文 ——以《红楼梦》英译为例 南开大学外国语学院 冯全功 Email: fengqg403@163.com Tel: 15822889295
一、 几个小问题 什么样的作品可称得上世界文学? World literature is sometimes used to refer to the sum total of the world’s national literatures, but usually it refers to the circulation of works into the wider world beyond their country of origin. Often used in the past primarily for masterpieces of Western European literature, world literature today is increasingly seen in global context. Translation plays a vital role in the making of world literature. 民族经典文学通过译介在国际上产生较大影响的文学作品
《红楼梦》是不是世界文学? 《红楼梦》是如何成为世界文学的? 《红楼梦》在世界文学中的地位如何? 《红楼梦》在国外译介的现状如何? 《红楼梦》英译本都有哪些?
译者 R. Thom E. C. Bowra H. B. Joly 王良志 王际真 F. Mchugh & I. Mchugh 英文书名 R. Thom Dream of Red Chamber (Wung low meung) E. C. Bowra Dream of Red Chamber (Hung Low Meng) H. B. Joly The Dream of the Red Chamber (Hung Lou Meng) 王良志 Dream of the Red Chamber 王际真 F. Mchugh & I. Mchugh The Dream of the Red Chamber B. S. Bonsall The Red Chamber Dream (Hung Lou Meng)(港大) D. Hawkes & J. Minford The Story of the Stone (The Dream of the Red Chamber) 杨宪益、戴乃迭 A Dream of Red Mansions 黄新渠 A Dream in Red Mansions
如何研究《红楼梦》翻译呢? 跟着说 (鹦鹉学舌、人云亦云 ) 接着说 (接力跑步,跑得更远) 对着说 (你说是牛,我说是马) 跟着说 (鹦鹉学舌、人云亦云 ) 接着说 (接力跑步,跑得更远) 对着说 (你说是牛,我说是马) 自己说 (人未说过,别开生面)
二、《红楼梦》翻译研究概况 研究前提(英、德、日、俄、法、韩等) 红 学 研究焦点 (诗词曲赋、文化内容、修辞格、习俗语、翻译史、人 研究前提(英、德、日、俄、法、韩等) 红 学 研究焦点 (诗词曲赋、文化内容、修辞格、习俗语、翻译史、人 名称谓等) 研究方法 (定性与定量,93%-7%) 研究队伍 (刘士聪、王宏印、洪涛、冯庆华、刘泽权、赵长江等) 研究语种 (英语占绝对优势,80%) 参见:冯全功. 新世纪《红楼》译学的发展现状及未来展望——基于国内学术期刊的 数据分析(2000-2010)[J].《红楼梦学刊》,2011(4). 文军、任艳. 国内《红楼梦》英译研究回眸(1979—2010) [J].《中国外语》,2012(1).
三、接着说 ——以《红楼梦》中“笑道”英译为例 三、接着说 ——以《红楼梦》中“笑道”英译为例
3.1 已有研究(《红楼梦》中笑道翻译) 文献综述的目的 (跟着说、接着说、反着说、自己说) 《红楼梦》中笑道翻译研究的前期成果 叶造就.《红楼梦》中“笑道”英译种种[J].广东民族学院学报,1998(1). 孙雁冰. 译不玩的“笑道”——杨宪益和霍克斯对《红楼梦》中“笑道”的翻 译[J]. 沈阳教育学院学报,2008(2). 袁夕娣.《红楼梦》中“笑道”译法[J].内蒙古农业大学学报,2008(3). 李 庆.《红楼梦》中“笑道”的翻译[J].青年科学,2010(2).
本研究的目的:接着说,即通过实证研究探索杨译和霍译对笑道处理的总体倾向
3.2 语料来源(回目分布) 《红楼梦》前八十回笑道出现的总次数(说唱性、句读法) 表1: “笑道”在所选各回中的分布情况(共222个) ?
3.2 语料来源(人物分布) 图1: “笑道”在具体人物上的分布
3.3 “笑道”的五种译法 1. 笑、道皆译 2. 译笑不译道 3. 译道不译笑 4. 笑道译为其它 5. 零翻译
3.3.1 笑、道皆译 笑、道皆译指译文中含有明显与笑和道分别相对应的英语词汇的译法。 英语中与笑相对应的词汇有:smile, laugh, chuckle, chortle, grin, mirth, beam, giggle, snigger, titter, tease等(包括这些词的变体形式,如smiling, laughter等); 与道相对应的英语词汇有:say, speak, tell, remark, ask, explain, retort, call, answer, cry, exclaim, reply, whisper, comment, inquire 等。
具体到所选语料中,笑、道皆译的例子有 asked his hostess with a laugh, she answered with a smile, Disenchantment called with a laugh, retorted Hsi-feng smiling, said Bao-yu with a meaningful smile, Xi-feng smilingly inquired, called the old lady, chuckling, cried Li Wan laughingly等。
3.3.2 译笑不译道 译笑不译道指译文中含有明显与笑相对应的而没有与道相对应的英语词汇的译法。
在所选语料中译笑不译道的例子有: Ko-ching smiled, urged Chin Chung with a smile, the prince’s face broke into a smile, Pao-yu chuckled, they chortled, rejoined Tai-yu laughingly, Dai-yu smiled at her gratefully, Tan-chun teased, giggled Tzu-chuan, the women burst out laughing, Jia Zheng smiled politely, Xi-feng…gave a crow of laughter 等。
3.3.3 译道不译笑 译道不译笑指译文中含有明显与道相对应的而没有与笑相对应的英语词汇的译法。
在所选语料中此类译法有: said Bao-yu, remarked the prince, she whispered, cried the woman in dismay, said Tan-chun bitterly, said Xi-feng pleadingly, Tan-chun explained, Hsi-feng retorted, he replied gaily, exclaimed the Lady Dowager, the matrons…answered, she asked in surprise 等。
3.3.4 笑道译为其它 笑道译为其它指译文中未含任何与笑和道明显对应的英语词汇的译法。
在所选语料中此类译法有: observed the old lady, Tan-chun pointed out, rejoined Li Wan, Tan-chun stopped her, he begged, Bao-yu went on, offered Mrs. Wu, she warned, Aunt Xue…assured her, Pao-chai forced herself to interpose, San-jie…fixed him with a withering look of contempt, protested Chin Chung, the monk was genially dismissive等。
3.3.5 零翻译 零翻译指笑和道未译成任何英语词汇,主语和报道动词(某某笑道)都消失在译文之中,即整个报道小句没有译出的译法。 这种译法多用于人物之间的连续对话,特别是两人之间。英文原文小说中常见此类省略报道小句的现象,如:
“Five what, dear?” (Sue) “Leaves. On the ivy wine. When the last one falls I must go, too…” (Johnsy) “Oh, I never heard of such nonsense. What the old ivy leaves to do with your getting well?...” (Sue) This is A conversation between Sue and Johnsy from ? written by O. Henry
3.4 杨译、霍译五种译法的对比 图2:杨译对“笑道”五种处理方法的分布 图3:霍译对“笑道”五种处理方法的分布
3.4.1 杨译、霍译五种译法的对比(零翻译) 杨译:48次,占总数的22%;霍译21次:占总数的10% 袭人笑道:“真真的二奶奶的这张嘴怕死人!” 宝玉伸手拉着袭人笑道:“你站了这半日,可乏了?” 袭人笑道:“可是又忘了。趁宝姑娘在院子里,你和他说,烦他们莺儿来打上那几根络子。” 宝玉笑道:“亏你提起来。”(第35回)
杨译:“What a terrible tongue Madam Lian has 杨译:“What a terrible tongue Madam Lian has!” Xiren commented with a smile. He reached out to make her sit beside him. “You must be tired after standing so long.” “How forgetful I am!” she exclaimed. “Do ask Miss Baochai before she leaves the courtyard to send Yinger over to make a few nets for us.” “I'm glad you reminded me.”
霍译:Aroma, standing beside him, was helpless with mirth. ‘Mrs Lian really is a caution!’ Bao-yu took her hand and drew her down beside him. ‘Come!’ he said. ‘You must be tired. You’ve been on your feet for hours.’ ‘Hey, you’ve forgotten!’ said Aroma. ‘While Miss Bao’s still in the courtyard, you ought to ask her if she’ll let Oriole come over to do that knotting for you.’ ‘Yes,’ said Bao-yu. ‘I’m glad you reminded me.’
3.4.2 杨译、霍译五种译法的对比(笑道译为其它) 笑道译为其它杨译出现了19次,占9%,霍译出现11次,占5%。相对而言,杨译更加活泼、生动,更加切合语境,如protested Chin Chung, he begged, offered Mrs. Wu, observed the old lady, she warned, Hsi-feng…urged等。 这种译法一定程度上增强了译文的可读性和艺术感染力,如: 宝玉便拉他的手笑道:“好姐姐,你也理我理儿呢。”(25回) 杨译:Pao-yu took her hand. “Do be nice to me, sister!” he begged. 霍译:Bao-yu seized her hand: ‘Come, my dear! You must take notice of me if I speak to you!” He tugged at her hand as he spoke…
3.4.3 杨译、霍译五种译法的对比(said, smile, laugh)
3.4.3 杨译、霍译五种译法的对比(said, smile, laugh) 译为人名(或人称代词)+动词过去式(顺序可相反)的形式,如 said Xi-feng, Yu-chuan smiled, Bao-chai laughed 等; 译为其它形式,如said Qin-shi with a laugh, she asked smilingly, disclaimed Aunt Xue with a smile, Tan-chun joined in their laughter, Disenchantment told him, smiling 等。 其它形式存在重复统计的情况,如said Qin-shi with a laugh既可属于含有said的译文译为其它形式的范畴又可属于含有laugh各种变体的译文译为其它形式的范畴。但在含有smile 和含有laugh各种变体的译文之间并没有重复统计。
3.4.3 杨译、霍译五种译法的对比(said, smile, laugh)
3.4.3 杨译、霍译五种译法的对比(said, smile, laugh) 杨译中译笑的总次数为85次,译为smile和laugh各种变体的有67次。霍译中译笑的总次数为73次,译为smile和laugh各种变体的有65次。可见,杨译中把笑译为smile, laugh以外的其它对应词汇的次数更多,如giggle, grin, chuckle, chortle, chuckling, tease等,一定程度上增加了杨译的形象性和生动性。 杨译中译道的总次数为103次,含有said的次数为28次,霍译译道的总次数为142次,含有said的次数为122次。两者相减可得出杨译用said以外的对应词汇译道的次数为75次,霍译仅为20次。杨译中用以译道的其它词汇有:ask, answer, call, tell, remark, whisper, retort, cry, reply, exclaim, put in, comment, explain, scold等,霍译中的此类词汇则远远没有如此丰富。
3.4.3 杨译、霍译五种译法的对比(said, smile, laugh) 凤姐儿笑道:“今儿来的这么齐,倒像下帖子请了来的。”探春先笑道:“我们有两件事……”凤姐笑道:“有什么事,这么要紧?”探春笑道:“我们起了个诗社……”凤姐笑道:“我又不会作什么湿的干的,要我吃东西去不成?”(第45回) 在这5句话中共有5个“笑道”,杨译分别为:chuckled Hsi-feng, Tan-chun announced, demanded Hsi-feng, Tan-chun explained, Hsi-feng answered ;霍译分别为:said Xi-feng, said Tan-chun, said Xi-feng, said Tan-chun, said Xi-feng。 杨译中有笑有道,并且道道有别,霍译中则有道无笑,said一贯到底,这充分体现了杨译措辞多元化、霍译said满篇的总体特点。
3.5 杨译、霍译“笑道”的总体趋势 杨译中五种翻译方法的分布比较均匀,霍译中译道不译笑的译法占绝对优势,为总数的51%; 杨译中的零翻译所占的比例适中,处理效果较佳,译文具有更强的可读性,霍译中其所占的比例稍显不足; 杨译中笑道译为其它的情况多于霍译,更好地注意到了原文的语境和译文语言的多样化;
针对译道而言,杨译中使用said的次数远远少于霍译,使用其它对应词汇的次数则多于霍译,有利于增强译文的文学性与可读性; 针对译笑而言,杨译使用smile和laugh以外的对应词汇稍高于霍译,增加了译文的生动性; 两者使用含有smile与含有laugh的各种变体译笑的次数大致相当,但措辞偏好相反,孰优孰劣需要根据语境具体分析。
3.6 小测试 贾赦之妻邢氏忙起身笑问道:“我带了外甥女儿过去,到底便宜些。”贾母笑道:“正是呢,你也去吧,不必过来了。” (第三回) At once, Chia Sheh’s wife, Lady Hsing, rose to her feet and suggested, “Won’t it be simpler if I take my niece?” “Very well,” ____ the Lady Dowager. “And there’s no need for you to come back afterwards” A. said B. smiled C. agreed D. retorted
3.6 小测试 贾蓉揣知其意,便笑道:“叔叔既这么爱他,我给叔叔作媒,说了做二房,何如?”贾琏笑道:“你这是顽话还是正经话?”(第64回) Chia Jung, knowing his game, rejoined, “If you’ve taken such a fancy to her, uncle, I’ll act as your go-between to make her your second wife. How about that?” “That would be fine!” Chia Lien ____. A. smiled B. giggled. C. sniggered D. beamed
3.6 小测试 贾政见贾母喜悦,只得承欢。方欲说时,贾母又笑道:“若说的不笑了,还要罚。”(第75回) As his mother was in high spirits he felt constrained to do his best to please her. “If you can’t make us laugh,” she ____, “we shall punish you by making you tell another.” A. said B. replied C. explained D. warned
3.6 小测试 李纨笑道:“这些事我都不管,你只把我的事完了我好歇着去,省得这些姑娘小姐闹我。”凤姐儿忙笑道:“好嫂子,赏我一点空儿。你是最疼我的,怎么今儿为平儿就不疼我了?” “I don’t care in the least about these things…”, said Li Wan airily... “Give me a little time!” said Xi-feng ____. “You’re so considerate towards me as a rule…” A. gratefully B. pleadingly C. mischievously D. pleasantly
3.7 启示 文学翻译的原则:切合语境 (笑道的翻译) 修辞学中的“同义手段选择说” (王希杰) 同义手段:意义相同或相近但表达效果有别的表达形式。 如英语中表达“笑”的同义手段:smile, laugh, chuckle, chortle, grin, mirth, beam, crackle, giggle, snigger, titter, tease; 再如表达“道”的同义手段: say, speak, tell, remark, ask, explain, retort, call, answer, cry, exclaim, reply, whisper, comment, inquire
3.7.1 “笑道”的翻译对“说”的翻译有何启示呢 那晚上的天色不大好,可是爹爹也到来,实在很难得!爹爹说:“你们爱吃花生么?” 3.7.1 “笑道”的翻译对“说”的翻译有何启示呢 那晚上的天色不大好,可是爹爹也到来,实在很难得!爹爹说:“你们爱吃花生么?” 我们都争着答应:“爱!” “谁能把花生的好处说出来?” 姊姊说:“花生的气味很美。” 哥哥说:“花生可以制油。” 我说:“无论何等人都可以用贱价买它来吃;都喜欢吃它。这就是它的好处。” 爹爹说:“花生的用处固然很多;但有一样是很可贵的。
The weather was not very good that night but, to our great delight, Father came all the same. “Do you like peanuts?” Father asked. “Yes!” We all answered eagerly. “But who can tell me what the peanut is good for?” “It is very delicious to eat,” my sister took the lead. “It is good for making oil,” my brother followed. “It is inexpensive,” I said. “Almost everyone can afford it and everyone enjoys eating it. I think this is what is good for.” “Peanut is good for many things,” Father said 刘士聪译
再举一例 奶奶总是要说:这块丑石,多碍地面哟,多时把它搬走吧 奶奶又说:用这块丑石吧,省得从远处搬动。 奶奶说:“真看不出!它那么不一般,却怎么连墙也垒不成,台阶也垒不成呢?” “它是太丑了。”天文学家说。 “真的,是太丑了。” “可这正是它的美!”天文学家说,“它是以丑为美的。” “以丑为美?”
Grandma always complained: “This ugly stone takes up so much useful space. We’d better move it away later” Grandma suggested using the ugly stone at hand in order to save some effort in carrying another from far away. Grandma said, “Unbelievable! It is really extraordinary!But how comes that it cannot be used even to build a wall or make a step stone?” “It is too ugly”, replied the astronaut. “Indeed, it is ugly.” “But its beauty just lies in its very ugliness”, the astronaut explained. “It takes ugliness as beauty.” “Ugliness as beauty?” 冯全功译
3.7.2 启示 文学翻译的原则:适应题旨(《红楼梦》中红的翻译) 悼红轩;千红一窟;怡红院;“落红成阵” 杨译:Mourning-the-Red Studio; Thousand Red Flowers in One Cavern; Happy Red Court; Red petals fall in drifts 霍译:Nostalgia Studio; Maiden’s Tears; The House of Green Delights; The red flowers in their hosts are falling 花落水流红,闲愁万种;原来是姹紫嫣红开遍,似这般,都付与断井颓垣;将那三春看破,桃红柳绿待如何;花谢花飞飞满天,红消香断有谁怜
3.7.3 启示 文学翻译的两大原则:切合语境;适应题旨 文学翻译以适应题旨情景为第一义 陈望道:“修辞以适应题旨情景为第一义” 翻译即修辞
4. 回到原题:如何研究《红楼梦》翻译呢? 接着说的论文 冯全功. 新世纪《红楼》译学的发展现状及未来展望:基于国内学术 期刊的数据分析(2000-2010)[J]. 红楼梦学刊,2011(4). 冯全功. 《红楼梦》书名中的修辞原型及其英译 [J]. 红楼梦学 刊,2012(4). 冯全功、张慧玉.广义修辞学视角下的《红楼梦》英译研究[J].红 楼梦学刊,2011(6). 冯全功.《红楼梦》中“笑道”翻译的对比研究[J].天津外国语大学 学报,2011(6). 冯全功.叙事学视角下《红楼梦》中话语英译对比研究[J].山东外 语教学,2012(5). 冯全功.霍译《红楼梦》中的整合补偿及其对译文风格的影响 [J].北京第二外国语学院学报,2011(4). 冯全功.论文学翻译中的形貌修辞——以霍译《红楼梦》为例 [J].外语教学理论与实践,2013(待发).
对着说的论文: 冯全功.论《红楼》译评中的底本意识——兼评《红楼梦》英译艺术比较研究,《中国图书评论》(待发) 自己说的论文: 冯全功.霍译《红楼梦》中附加疑问句研究(待发)
对着说举例 例48党著举出了第14回描写王熙凤的一段话(“尤氏独卧于内室,一应张罗款待,独是凤姐一人周全……”),霍译出现了 “a touch of scarlet in the field of green”。党著依据的版本没有对应的句子,于是便认为: 霍译中,下划线部分(即 “a touch of scarlet in the field of green”,笔者注)显然是原文所没有的。霍克思从原文的“种种之类,俱不及凤姐……”演绎出凤姐与其余女性的不同,并通过使用王安石《石榴》诗中之名句“万绿丛中一点红,动人春色不须多”来比喻凤姐在贾府和荣府众多女性中的突出形象,使曹雪芹在这里的写作意图得以彰显,也使译文的表达效果得以增强。同时,霍克思的译文还取得一种意想不到的效果,那就是对凤姐外在形象的美化。(党争胜,2012:94) 事实果真如此吗?即使如此,功劳能归于霍译的“增补型译写”吗?其实,这里的原因很简单,底本差异而已。党著参考的版本确实没有这句话,但霍译的主要底本程乙本中却有这句话,原文如下:“……越显得凤姐洒爽风流,典则俊雅,真是‘万绿丛中一点红’了”(曹雪芹、高鹗,1974:162)。可见,党著用该例支持霍译的“译写策略”显然是失败的,故其评论(该例)也有溢美之嫌。
自己说举例 “宝玉道:‘难道你守着这件东西哭会子就好了不成?你原是要取乐儿,倒招的自己烦恼。还不快去呢。’”(1974:235) “Crying won’t make it any better. You came here to enjoy yourself, didn’t you? And now you’re here you’re miserable, right? Then the thing to do is to go somewhere else, isn’t it?” (1973:408, vol.1)
翠缕道:“说的是了,就笑的这么样?” ‘Well, that’s right, isn’t it?’ said Kingfisher. 金荣笑道:“我现在拿住了是真的。” Jokey Jin grinned. ‘Caught you in the act, didn’t I?” 见湘云已梳完了头,走过来笑道:“好妹妹,替我梳梳呢。” ‘Coz dear, do my hair for me, will you?’ “这不是宝姑娘送来东西,倒叫姑娘烦恼了不成?就是宝姑娘听见,反觉脸上不好看。” ‘That’s not going to be very nice for her, is it?’ “你又做什么来找我?你难道不是女儿?” ‘You’re a girl, aren’t you? ’
5.《红楼》译学展望 《红楼》译学的发展趋势 (红学与翻译学) 修辞学、红学、翻译学 1.《红楼梦》的语言与文化翻译研究将继续加强; 2. 跨学科研究将继续发展; 3. 基于语料库的定量研究逐渐增多; 4. 研究队伍将更加强大,研究语种更加丰富。 修辞学、红学、翻译学
6.一点希望 南开大学外国语学院是《红楼》译学的研究重镇之一,很多外院学者(如刘士聪教授、崔永禄教授、王宏印教授)和研究生对《红楼梦》都有一定的研究 希望在座的各位将来也加入到红译研究队伍之中,为《红楼》译学的发展以及中国文学走出去做出自己的贡献!
谢 谢