Understanding the Supply Chain 1 Understanding the Supply Chain

What is a Supply Chain? All stages involved, directly or indirectly, in fulfilling a customer request Includes manufacturers, suppliers, transporters, warehouses, retailers, and customers Within each company, the supply chain includes all functions involved in fulfilling a customer request (product development, marketing, operations, distribution, finance, customer service)

什麼是供應鏈？ 供應鏈包含了在滿足顧客要求過程中，涉及的所有直接或間接成員。 也涵蓋了配送商、批發商、零售商和顧客。 在每個公司內，供應鏈含括所有接收與滿足顧客需求的各項功能（如新產品開發、行銷、生產、配銷、財務和顧客服務等功能）。

Flows in a Supply Chain

Process View of a Supply Chain Cycle View: processes in a supply chain are divided into a series of cycles, each performed at the interfaces between two successive supply chain stages Push/Pull View: processes in a supply chain are divided into two categories depending on whether they are executed in response to a customer order (pull) or in anticipation of a customer order (push)

供應鏈的流程觀 循環觀點：供應鏈的流程可分成一序列循環，每個循環在供應鏈兩個連續階段之間被執行。 推／拉觀點：供應鏈的流程，依是否回應或預期顧客訂單而分成兩類。拉的流程是由顧客訂單開始；而推的流程是從顧客預期訂單而起。

Cycle View of Supply Chain Processes The supply chain is a concatenation of cycles with each cycle at the interface of two successive stages in the supply chain. Each cycle involves the customer stage placing an order and receiving it after it has been supplied by the supplier stage. One difference is in size of order. Second difference is in predictability of orders - orders in the procurement cycle are predictable once manufacturing planning has been done. This is the predominant view for ERP systems. It is a transaction level view and clearly defines each process and its owner.

供應鏈流程的循環觀點 The supply chain is a concatenation of cycles with each cycle at the interface of two successive stages in the supply chain. Each cycle involves the customer stage placing an order and receiving it after it has been supplied by the supplier stage. One difference is in size of order. Second difference is in predictability of orders - orders in the procurement cycle are predictable once manufacturing planning has been done. This is the predominant view for ERP systems. It is a transaction level view and clearly defines each process and its owner.

Push/Pull View of Supply Chain Processes Supply chain processes fall into one of two categories depending on the timing of their execution relative to customer demand Pull: execution is initiated in response to a customer orders (reactive) Push: execution is initiated in anticipation of customer orders (speculative)

供應鏈流程的推／拉觀點 依照顧客需求的執行時間，所有的供應鏈過程都被分成二種類型： 拉：執行始於回應顧客訂單（回應） 推：執行始於顧客訂單的預期（預測）

Push/Pull View of Supply Chains In this view processes are divided based on their timing relative to the timing of a customer order. Define push and pull processes. They key difference is the uncertainty during the two phases. Give examples at Amazon and Borders to illustrate the two views

Push/Pull Push: Make to Stock (MTS) Short lead time, more demand uncertainties. Pull: Make to Order (MTO) Long lead time, less demand uncertainties. Push/Pull: Make to Assembly (MTA) Tradeoff between lead time and uncertainties.

供應鏈流程的推／拉觀點 採購、生產和補貨循環 客戶訂單循環 推流程 拉流程 顧客訂單到達 In this view processes are divided based on their timing relative to the timing of a customer order. Define push and pull processes. They key difference is the uncertainty during the two phases. Give examples at Amazon and Borders to illustrate the two views 顧客訂單到達

Supply Chain Macro Processes Supply chain processes discussed in the two views can be classified into Customer Relationship Management (CRM) Internal Supply Chain Management (ISCM) Supplier Relationship Management (SRM) Integration among the above three macro processes is critical for effective and successful supply chain management

供應鏈的巨觀流程 所有公司的供應鏈流程可以劃分為以下三種巨觀流程： 整合三種巨觀流程是供應鏈成功的關鍵 顧客關係管理（CRM） 內部供應鏈管理（ISCM） 供應商關係管理（SRM） 整合三種巨觀流程是供應鏈成功的關鍵

Supply Chain Macro Processes