Training Cource, Changsha, 26-29 April, 2010 International obligations, guidelines and experience. CBD-obligations and international work on sector integration and cooperation 国际责任、指南和经验：部门纳入生多与部门合作——《生物多样性公约》责任与国际工作 Peter J. Schei 皮特·舍 Fridtjof Nansen Institute, Norway 挪威南森研究所 Training Cource, Changsha, 26-29 April, 2010 2010年9月26-29日，长沙培训课程

Basic thinking 基本思想 While biological resources and ecosystems are used for human livelihoods, this is often unsustainable, and many human activities totally ignore (externalize) any consideration of biodiversity and ecosystem services at a high cost to human development in the longer term 尽管人们利用生物资源和生态系统维持生计，这种利用方式通常不具有可持续性，很多人类活动完全忽视（外部化）了生物多样性和生态系统服务等因素，这样做的长期后果就是人类发展要为此付出极高的代价。

Objective 目标 The objective of integrating biodiversity concerns into economic sectors, is to internalize the goals of biodiversity conservation and sustainable use of biological resources into all activities, development plans and models, policies and programs - and finally into all human behaviour 将生物多样性内容纳入经济部门的目标就是将生物多样性保护与可持续利用的目标内部化，将其纳入所有活动、发展规划与模式、政策和项目——最终纳入所有人类行为

Rational 理由 Investment in mainstreaming, sector integration of biodiversity and horizontal cooperation, can generate both immediate benefits and act as a safeguard for maintaining biodiversity and ecosystem services, ensuring the ecological infrastructure and sustainable development in the long run 努力将生物多样性主流化、纳入各个部门，开展横向合作，可以产生直接的效益，也能够保证维持生物多样性和生态系统服务，维护生态基础设施，最终保证可持续发展。

What are the links and differences? Mainstreaming, 主流化 Sector integration, 部门纳入 Sector cooperation and coordination 部门合作与协调 Vertical and horizontal work 纵向与横向的工作 What are the links and differences? 都有什么关联和差异？

International obligations/pressure 国际责任和压力 Obligations according to ratified conventions (f.ex. CBD) 加入国际公约需要履行的责任（例如《生物多样性公约》） Political agreements from world summits (f. ex. WS, Johannesburg, 2002)各种世界峰会达成的政治协议（如2002年约翰内斯堡“世界可持续发展峰会”） Production standards demanded by importers/customers进口商或客户要求的生产标准 Agreed standards/efficiencies related to energy use and pollution limitation on production between sector businesses and NGOs商业部门与非政府组织之间就生产中的能源使用与污染限制问题达成的标准或效率

Article 6 of CBD《生物多样性公约》第六条 Each Contracting Party shall, in accordance with its particular conditions and capabilities: 所有缔约方都应该根据自身的条件和能力 (a) Develop national strategies, plans or programmes for the conservation and sustainable use of biological diversity or adapt for this purpose existing strategies, plans or programmes which shall reflect, inter alia, the measures set out in this Convention relevant to the Contracting Party concerned; and 制定生物多样性保护与可持续 利用的国家战略、计划或项目，或本着这一目的对现有战略、计划或 项目进行修订，以体现《生物多样性公约》中标明的与缔约方有关的 措施； (b) Integrate, as far as possible and as appropriate, the conservation and sustainable use of biological diversity into relevant sectoral or cross-sectoral plans, programmes and policies. 尽可能将生物多样 性酌情纳入到相关的部门或跨部门计划、项目或政策中。

More than Protected Areas 不仅仅是保护地 In order to maintain biodiversity and ecosystem services, protected area (PA) networks must be supplemented by integrating the concerns and values of biodiversity and ecosystem services into the wider landscape 为了保护生物多样性，维持生态系统服务，必须将生物多样性与生态系统服务的因素和价值纳入更广泛的景观，用以补充保护地网络 The ecological infrastructure and disaster prevention potential of nature must be maintained and enhanced, particularly in relation to climate change risks 需要维护和加强生态基础设施和大自然防控灾害的潜力，尤其是面对气候变化风险的时候

ECOSYSTEM APPROACH 生态系统方法 Management objectives are a matter of societal choice 管理目标其实是社会选择的问题 Management should be decentralised to he lowest appropriate level 管理应该下放到最低的合适的层级 Consider the effects on other areas/ecosystems 考虑对其他领域或生态系统的影响 4. Ecosystem management must be understood in a socio-economic context 必须在社会经济环境中理解生态系统管理 5. Conservation of ecosystem functioning is crucial 保护生态系统功能尤为重要 6. Management should be undertaken at the appropriate scale (related to problem/challenge) 应该在合适的范围内进行管理（与问题和挑战相关） 7. Set long term goals and beware of lag effects 制定长期目标，了解阻碍目标实现的因素 8. Beware of cyclic and other changes 了解循环和其他的变化 9. Manage within the limits to system(s) functioning 在系统功能的限制范围内进行管理 10. Find balance between conservation and sustainable use 在保护与可持续利用之间寻找平衡 11. Use all relevant information 使用所有相关信息 12. Involve all relevant sectors/stakeholders/diciplines 将所有相关部门、利益相关方和领域都纳入进来

Sector integration tools 部门纳入的工具 Committees for cooperation/coordination between relevant sectors 相关部门间合作协调委员会 Effective spatial planning laws, regulation and procedures 有效的空间规划法律、法规和程序 Special plan for maintenance of ecological infrastructure and disaster prevention schemes across key ministries/sectors 关于维护生态基层设施、跨重点部委（部门）灾害防护方案的专项规划 Cooperation on monitoring of ecological status of nature in production landscapes 开展合作，在生产性景观中监测自然生态状况 A set of economic insentives (+/-) 一系列经济激励措施

--More tools 更多工具 Sector biodiversity conservation plans and independent control of follow-up 部门生物多样性保护计划及后续独立控制 Codes of Conduct for economic sector activity and use of biodiversity (in a given habitat or area) 针对经济部门活动和使用生物多样性的行为准则（在一个特定的栖息地或地区内） Standards for biodiversity concerns in production activities (in given sectors and areas) 在生产活动中纳入生物多样性因素的标准（在特定的部门和地区内） CSR-standards for the corporate sector in production areas 在生产领域各部门纳入生物多样性的企业社会责任标准

Economic tools and methods 经济工具与方法 Valuation methods for biodiversity and ecosystem services, and integration of these values into (economic) decision-making. 对生物多样性和生态系统服务的经济价值评估方法，并将这些价值纳入到（经济）决策中。 Schemes for PES(Payment for Ecosystem services) 生态系统服务付费的模型 Learn from the TEEB-initiative (The Economics of Ecosystems and Biodiversity) 向TEEB项目学习（即生态系统与生物多样性经济学项目）

Effective mainstreaming requires 进行有效的主流化要求： Awareness and political will from the highest levels providing support for implementation 最高层支持实现主流化的意识和政治意愿 Strong leadership, dialogue and cooperation at all levels 各个层面上强有力的领导，对话与合作 Mutual supportiveness and respect between sectors, and conservation and development priorities coordinated 部门之间相互支持与尊重，协调好保护和发展的优先行动

--Continued 续上文 A strong focus on policies and practicies in economic sectors, supported by cross-sectorial approaches 通过跨部门的方法与途径，强烈关注各经济部门的政策与行动 Analysis and understanding of the changing motivations and opportunities of each sector, including the effects of globalisation 分析并理解每个部门不断改变的动机与机遇，包括全球化的影响 Identification and prioritization of entry points (when and where to act), and development of sector-specific tools and interventions 明确切入点（在何时何地采取行动）并进行排序，根据各部门特点开发有针对性的工具、制定相应的干预措施

--Continued 续上文 Awareness within sectors of the importance and relevance of biodiversity conservation and the capacity for implementation 对生物多样性保护具有重要意义或与生多保护相关的部门的意识和实施能力 A coherent set of economic and regulatory tools and incentives that promote and reward integration, while discouraging inappropriate policies and behaviour 一整套连贯的经济和调控工具与激励机制，促进和奖励纳入生多的行为，打击不恰当的政策和行为 Sustained behavioural change within individuals, institutions and society in both public and private domains 在公共领域与私人领域，个人、机构和全社会持续进行行为改变

Are there any risks? 有没有风险？ The sector may not take the responsibility seriously 部门也许不会重视各自的责任 Biodiversity concerns are given to low priority in relation to sector interests 在部门利益面前，给予生物多样性因素的优先级别较低 Reluctance to share info and cooperate horizontally in some sectors 在某些部门中，不愿意共享信息、开展横向的部门间合作 Fragmentation of responsibility for biodiversity and ecosystem services in the total governance structure 在整个的管理体系中，保护生物多样性和生态系统的责任分散在各部门中

Conclusions 结论 Mainstreaming and sector integration- a global obligation-”all” agree in principle 实现生物多样性的主流化、纳入各部门——这是全球的责任——“所有人”都原则上赞同 Mainstreaming in plans and policies relatively easy 在规划和政策中实现生多主流化相对简单 Integration in laws and regulations more difficult 在法律法规中纳入生多因素有些困难 Integration into budgets, priorities and practicies quite difficult 在预算、优先行动和实践中纳入生多考虑最为困难。 Mainstreaming of minds the ultimate goal 实现生多在思想中的主流化是最终目标