International Labour Movement, the ILO & ACTRAV 国际工运，国际劳工组织和工人活动局 Programme for Workers’ Activities (ACTRAV) International Training Center of ILO 国际劳工组织工人活动局国际培训中心

Objectives of this Session 本节目标 We will discuss 我们将讨论: Origins of the Labour Movement 工运事业起源 Structure of Int’l Labour Movement 国际工运构架 3. ILO: Principles, Goals, Structure & Functions 国际劳工组织的原则，目标，结构和作用 4. Role of ACTRAV (Bureau for Workers’ Activities) 工人活动局的作用 Current Issues Before ACTRAV 工人活动局目前面临的问题

Origins of the TU Movement 工会运动起源 UK (1770 – 1850) – from agriculture to industry, Textiles, Coal and later Railways after 1847 英国(1770 – 1850) – 从农业到工业、纺织业、煤炭业直到1847年以后的铁路业 Exploitative work conditions – workers organising illegal (Combination Acts of 1799) – Tolpuddle Martyrs, Crafts Organisations & Unions, GNCTU (1834), Chartist movement -NCA (1840) 受剥削的工作环境－结社权利非法(1799年的联合法案)－ 手工业者组织和工会－宪章运动

Origins of the TU Movement 工会运动起源 Post 1850s – Unions grew, Voting Rights achieved (1867), TUC estd 1868, Unions legalised by 1871 TU Act, in 1875, Employer & Workmen Act, Factory Act in 1874 1850年代后期－工会成长，获得投票权。1868年英国职工大会成立。1875年通过工会法案。1874通过雇员和工人法案、工厂法案。 In continental Europe- Socialist movement gave rise to unions from 1880s onwards. 在欧洲大陆－1880年代的社会运动促进了工会的发展

Origins of African Labour Movement 欧洲工运起源 Transformation from agriculturists to wage labourers began in early 1900s – mining & export of natural resources by colonial powers – led to development of mines, railroads, commercial farming & processing plants 从1900开始农业劳动者开始向领取工资的工人转变－采矿和其他被殖民力量控制的自然资源的出口－导致了煤矿，铁路，商业种植和加工厂的发展。 1920s - Emergence of TUs in Tunisia, Zambia & South Africa – to demand for end of slave-like conditions & better wages – TUs considered illegal & viciously crushed - 1920 年在突尼斯，赞比亚和南非出现了工会－要求结束农奴般的工作条件和更高的工资－但工会被认定是非法的并遭到敌视和压制

Origins of African Labour Movement 欧洲工运起源 WW II - a turning point – industrial activity stepped up – stimulated also the struggles against racism & colonialism – ban on TUs lifted in 1940s by Britain 二战－转折点－产业活动兴起－也激励了反对种族主义和殖民主义的斗争－1940英国取消了对工会的限制 Post war: rise of communist - socialist movements, return of African soldiers & support of European TUs strengthened labour movement in Africa – 1946 strike of 75,000 mine workers in SA – inspired TU struggles all over 战后：共产主义兴起－社会主义运动，回国的士兵和欧洲工会的支持都增强了非洲的劳工运动－1946年75000名南非的矿工罢工－激励了整体的工会运动

Origins of the TU Movement 工会运动起源 Japan: labour unions started in late 19th C by social reformers; conditions bad – high mobility, union memberships fluctuated, till 1945, no legal protection; US influence; enterprise family concept (welfare, steady (life time) employment, loyalty); 日本：19世纪社会改革者促成工会的成立；条件恶劣－流动性强，会员数量起伏较大，1945年之前，无法律保护；美国的影响；企业家庭观念（福利、终身的稳定就业和忠诚）

Origins of the TU Movement 工会运动起源 South Asia: TUs illegal till late 19th C; 1st formal TU in 1905 (textiles in India) – TUs linked to independence struggle & political parties later 南亚：直到19世纪，工会还是非法地位；1905年成立第一个正式工会（印度纺织业的）－工会后来开始与独立斗争和政党联系在一起。 Post 1st World War – emergence of International Labour Movement 后一战时代－国际工会运动的出现

Women Workers & TUs 女工和工会 Women contributed to industrial revolution – textiles, coal mines, laundry, offices 女性为产业革命作出了贡献－纺织业、煤炭业、洗衣和办公室职员 But women not well represented; Crafts Unions excluded them mostly; 但是女性没有被很好的代表;大多数手工业者工会不接受女工 Efforts to organise women came from outside the labour movement - philanthropists; 来自工运外的组织女工的力量－慈善家 1874 : Women's Protective and Provident League formed in UK (later called the Women's Trade Union League) 1874：英国成立女性保护和发展联盟（后更名为女性工会联盟）

Why International Movement? 为什么必须是国际运动 Solidarity & Unity - the source of strength for workers - 团结和联合－工人力量的源泉 To ensure promotion of labour standards globally 确保劳工标准的全球推广 Response to Globalization 应对全球化 Representative, Equal and Independent Partners: Why? - Representative: a recognised voice of those who have entrusted them; - Equal: to discuss solutions on equal terms. Otherwise, the solutions will not benefit all and not be respected by all; and - Independent: the whole exercise would be futile if one side manipulates two passive participants. What are “Common Concerns”? - Tripartism enables the parties concerned to have a say in decisions that concern them - an imperative of democracy - Tripartism is a strategy for effectiveness in pursuing a balance between economic and social concerns, between immediate and long term interests, and between individual needs and collective benefits. - Tripartism is a guarantee of accountability by allowing each partner to limit and control the other two, securing an equitable distribution of costs and benefits Need to create a global voice of workers 需要创造工人全球的声音

International TU Organizations 国际工会组织 WCL World Confederation of Labour, [1920 & 1968] ITGLWF ICEM IFBWW GUFs Global Union Federations IMF ITF WFTU World Federation of Trade Unions, [1945] PSI IFJ EI IUF UNI OECD-TUAC ICFTU International Confederation of Free Trade Unions (1949) ETUC [1973] ICFTU & WCL merged in Nov 2006 国际自由工联和世界劳联在2006年11月合并

ILO: Goals, Principles, Structure & Functions 国际劳工组织：目标，原则，结构和作用

Fundamental Goal of ILO 国际劳工组织的基本目标 SOCIAL JUSTICE 社会公正 Better Working Conditions 更好的工作条件 Standard Setting 标准设定 Tripartite System 三方机制 Technical Co-operation 技术合作 Meetings - Information - Research – Expertise 会议－信息－调研－专业知识

Tripartism 三方机制: Fundamental Principle of the ILO 国际劳工组织的基本原则 “Tripartism” is 三方机制是: A form of social dialogue among the government, workers and employers as representative, equal and independent social partners. 政府工人和雇主代表作为平等独立的社会伙伴进行社会对话 Representative, Equal and Independent Partners: Why? - Representative: a recognised voice of those who have entrusted them; - Equal: to discuss solutions on equal terms. Otherwise, the solutions will not benefit all and not be respected by all; and - Independent: the whole exercise would be futile if one side manipulates two passive participants. What are “Common Concerns”? - Tripartism enables the parties concerned to have a say in decisions that concern them - an imperative of democracy - Tripartism is a strategy for effectiveness in pursuing a balance between economic and social concerns, between immediate and long term interests, and between individual needs and collective benefits. - Tripartism is a guarantee of accountability by allowing each partner to limit and control the other two, securing an equitable distribution of costs and benefits To seek mutually agreeable solutions for issues of common concerns. 为涉及共同利益的问题寻找都认可的解决方法

ILO STRUCTURE 结构 1 W 2 G 1 E Governing Body 理事会 14 W 28 G 14 E International Labour Conference 劳工大会 4 delegates per Member State 每个成员国4名代表 1 W 2 G 1 E Governing Body 理事会 14 W 28 G 14 E International Labour Office 劳工局

Major Functions of ILO 主要作用 Standard Setting - Adoption of Conventions & Recommendations in the ILC; 制定标准－在国际劳工大会上批准公约和建议书 Assistance in Applications of ILS at national level after ratification by the countries; 在国家批准公约和建议书后帮助实施国际劳工标准 Technical Cooperation – Advisory functions, Action Programs/Projects, Training of Social Partners; 技术合作－提供建议，行动计划和项目，培训社会伙伴 Advocacy for promotion of Decent Work 呼吁推动体面劳动

Core Labour Standards 核心标准 Freedom of Association (C87) & Right to Collective Bargaining (C98) 结社自由和集体谈判权利公约 Freedom from Discrimination (C100 & C111) 反对歧视公约 Freedom from Forced Labour (C29 & C105) 反对强迫劳动公约 Minimum Age for Employment (C138 & C182) 就业最低年龄公约

Role of Bureau for Workers‘ Activities (ACTRAV) 工人活动局的作用

What does ACTRAV do?工人活动局做什么 Main link between ILO and the Trade Unions; 联系国际劳工局和工会 Develops activities to strengthen TUs and Workers Rights at the international, regional and national levels; 在国际、地区和国家层面开发加强工会和工人权利的活动 Disseminates policies and programmes of the ILO to trade unions; 向工会传达国际劳工组织的政策和计划

What does ACTRAV do?工人活动局做什么 Reflects interests of trade unions in the programmes and actions of the ILO; 在国际劳工组织的计划和行动中反应工会的利益 Supports workers’ Group in ILO’s decision making bodies and other activities; 在国际劳工组织的决策机构和其他活动中支持工人组 Promotes Decent Work and the ratifications & implementation of ILO Conventions 推动体面劳工和国际劳工公约的批准和执行

Structure of ACTRAV 结构 Field Specialists 地区专家 都灵中心 Bureau for Workers’ Activities工人活动局 (ILO/ACTRAV-Geneva)日内瓦 Asia/Pacific Desk 亚太地区 Overall policy/strategy making 制定整体政策 Liaison with other units 与其他机构联系 Support for Workers’ Group 支持工人组 Reflection of 反映利益workers’ interests ILO/ACTRAV-Turin (International Training Center of the ILO) 都灵中心 Asia/Pacific Field Specialists 地区专家 (RO, SRO and AO) Bangkok, New Delhi, Manila Why do we have to have well-established trade unions? - Trade unions are “the building blocks of democracy”; - Trade unions are “training schools for democracy”; and - Trade unions are “the crucial partners in tripartism”. What do we have to do? - “Capacity Building” : Strengthening trade unions’ ability to train members and to build strong organizations; - “Policy Development” : Helping the unions to deal with new issues Direct contact with unions 直接联系工会 Implementation of ACTRAV policies and strategies in each country 实施政策和策略 Dissemination of information 传播信息 Implementation of training programmes实施培训项目

Issues for Discussion 讨论的问题

Current Issues Before ACTRAV-ILO 目前面临的问题 Major Difficulty in protecting the rights and economic well-being of its members” 保护成员的权利和经济福利所面临的主要困难 Weakening Organizing & Bargaining Power of Unions 组织和谈判能力的削弱 Free Trade Privatization Global Competition Flexible Labour Policy Emphasis to be placed on the point that: This is probably the only opportunity for regional staff of all the ITSs to get together, exchange information on their activities, problems and future plan of actions, and develop network among themselves. In the past, we offered training courses for individual ITSs, independently. Now, after consultation with the ITS groups, we decided to organize this ITS programme. Free Capital Flow Multi-National Enterprises Revolution in IT & Transport Attack on unionism Globalization

Trade unions must strengthen their organizing and bargaining power. Way Forward 向前的道路　 Trade unions must strengthen their organizing and bargaining power. 工会必须加强自身的组织和谈判能力 HOW? Challenge 1: Creating an “Enabling Environment” for Trade Union Activities 创造有利环境 Challenge 2: Building Capacity of Unions in Organizing and Collective Bargaining 能力建设 Emphasis to be placed on the point that: This is probably the only opportunity for regional staff of all the ITSs to get together, exchange information on their activities, problems and future plan of actions, and develop network among themselves. In the past, we offered training courses for individual ITSs, independently. Now, after consultation with the ITS groups, we decided to organize this ITS programme.

Thank you for your attention! 谢谢 Programme for Workers’ Activities (ACTRAV) ITC-ILO