In me the tiger sniffs the rose In me the tiger sniffs the rose. Let life be beautiful like summer flowers and death like autumn leaves. Here lies one whose name was written in water. The way you do anything is the way you do everything.

In me the tiger sniffs the rose In me the tiger sniffs the rose. 心有猛虎，细嗅蔷薇。（余光中译） Let life be beautiful like summer flowers and death like autumn leaves. 使生如夏花之绚烂，死如秋叶之静美。 Here lies one whose name was written in water. 此地长眠者，声名水上书。 The way you do anything is the way you do everything. 一事之行，即你一世之道。

每个词用于新的上下文中，就成为一个新词。 Each word when used in a new context is a new word. This poses a challenge to logic. The task challenged his organizing ability. The more one gardens, the more one learns; and the more one learns, the more one realizes how little one knows. 这简直是荒谬绝伦。 这项任务对他的组织能力是一个考验。 耕而后有所得，学而后知不足。

All right, Mr. DeMille, I＇m ready for my close-up. 好了，德米勒先生，我已经准备好拍摄我的特写镜头了。 Would you be shocked if I changed into something more comfortable? 假如我换一身更舒服的衣服你会觉得震惊吗？　 I love the smell of napalm in the morning. 我喜欢闻弥漫在清晨空气中的汽油弹味道。 Love means never having to say you＇re sorry. 爱就是永远不必说对不起。 I could dance with you'til the cows come home. On second thought, I'd rather dance with the cows until you came home.” “可以和你一起跳舞直到母牛回家。如果再想想，我宁愿和母牛一起跳舞直到你回家。”

It's not the men in your life that counts, it's the life in your men.” 不是你生活中的男人有价值，而是你与男人在一起的生活。” There＇s no place like home. 没有一个地方可以和家相提并论。 You can＇t handle the truth！ 你不能操纵事实！ Keep your friends close, but your enemies closer. 亲近你的朋友，但更要亲近你的敌人。 Of all the gin joints in all the towns in all the world, she walks into mine. 世界上有那么多的城镇，城镇中有那么多的酒馆，她却走进了我的(酒馆)。

第三讲 词的翻译方法 词义的选择引申和褒贬 词类的 转换法 词的增补与重复法 词的省略法 正反、 反正表达法

一、词义选择、引申和褒贬 根据词类选词 根据上下文和词的搭配选词 将词义作抽象化的引申 将词义作具体化的引申 翻译时注意词义的褒贬意义 词义的选择 词义的引申 词义的褒贬

飞机在电子导航系统的引导下飞回航空母舰。 He is at home with the classics. The control lever should be turned to its home position in time. The plane homed to its carrier under the guide of electronic navigation system. The screw on the end cap must be driven home. The studpidity of his behavior was brought home to him. 他精通古典文学。 应及时将操纵杆复位。 飞机在电子导航系统的引导下飞回航空母舰。 必须将端盖上的螺钉拧紧。 他彻底明白了他行为的愚蠢。

1) His plane developed engine trouble only seven miles after take-off 1) His plane developed engine trouble only seven miles after take-off. 2) A hypothesis is a specific statement developed by a scientist from observation. 3) Some married people who are not satisfied with their family may resort to the Internet to develop an extramarital affair. 4) Computer games help develop children’s interest in computers. 5) You cannot build a ship, a bridge or a house if you don’t know how to make a design or how to read it.

1）他的飞机在起飞后只飞行了7英里就发生了机器故障。 2）一个假设是由科学家经过大量观察而得出的具体结论。 3）一些对家庭不满的已婚男女也学会借助因特网去搞婚外恋。 4）电子游戏有助于培养儿童对电脑的兴趣。 5）不会制图或看不懂图纸，就不可能造船、架桥或盖房子。

经济界的所有专家学者都将出席这次研讨会。 美国人热爱工作。工作对他们老说就是乐趣。 他拥有一辆新车，为此他成了邻里男孩们羡慕的对象。 All the wit and learning in the economic circle will be present at the seminar. Americans love work. It is meat and drink to them. Greece’s beaches once again passed European Union water quality tests with flying colors. His new car made him the envy of every boy in the neighborhood. 经济界的所有专家学者都将出席这次研讨会。 美国人热爱工作。工作对他们老说就是乐趣。 希腊海滩再次成功通过了欧盟水质监测。 他拥有一辆新车，为此他成了邻里男孩们羡慕的对象。

6) Every life has its roses and thorns 6) Every life has its roses and thorns. 7) Sphinx is a must for most foreign visitors to Egypt. 8) The girl student has done credit to her university. 9) I have no head for mathematics. 每个人的生活都有苦有甜。(具体→抽象) 对于绝大多数去埃及游览的外国游客来说， 狮身人面像是必不可少的游览项目。（抽象→ 具体） 这个女生为她所在的大学增了光。（抽象→ 具体） 我没有数学方面的天赋。(具体→抽象)

10) General Thomas gave up the sword for the plough in 1987. 11) At 22, he had first learned what it is to be a Negro. 托马斯将军已于1987年卸甲归田了。 22岁的时候，他第一次尝到了做黑人的滋味。

他是个苛刻的老板，要求手下对他忠心耿耿，鞠躬尽瘁。 她回忆说，“他彬彬有礼，总是诲人不倦。” As a demanding boss, he expected total loyalty and dedication from his employees. “He was polite and always gave adivce willingly,” she recalled. 他是个苛刻的老板，要求手下对他忠心耿耿，鞠躬尽瘁。 她回忆说，“他彬彬有礼，总是诲人不倦。”

12) Jim was an aggressive engineer who did his job quite well. 13) He was so aggressive that offended almost everyone. 14) When the country calls for your help, you cannot but go. 吉姆是个有进取心的工程师，他工作干得很出色。 他过于咄咄逼人，几乎冒犯了所有人。 当祖国需要你的奉献时，你应当义无反顾，奋勇当先。

我不喜欢她。她个儿太高，瘦骨嶙峋，走起路来像只大鹤。 我很喜欢她。她身材高挑，颇具骨感，走起路来如仙鹤一般飘逸。 I don’t like her. She is tall and thin and moves like a crane. I do like her. She is tall and thin and moves like a crane. 我不喜欢她。她个儿太高，瘦骨嶙峋，走起路来像只大鹤。 我很喜欢她。她身材高挑，颇具骨感，走起路来如仙鹤一般飘逸。

Two roads diverged in a yellow wood, And sorry I could not travel both And be one traveler, long I stood And looked down one as far as I could To where it bent in the undergrowth; Then took the other, as just as fair, And having perhaps the better claim, Because it was grassy and wanted wear; Though as for that, the passing there Had worn them really about the same, And both that morning equally lay In leaves no step had trodden black. Oh, I kept the first for another day! Yet knowing how way leads on to way, I doubted if I should ever come back. I shall be telling this with a sigh Somewhere ages and ages hence: Two roads diverged in a wood, and I— I took the one less traveled by, And that has made all the difference.

在泛黄的树林中延伸着两条路 很遗憾我不能两条都选择去走 作为一个路人,我久久的站在那里 我眺望其中一条 直到它在灌木丛中曲折的地方   然后我选择了另一条也还平坦的 或者有更好的理由 因它杂草丛生,鲜有足迹 尽管那样,两条路所被踏过的程度却也相当 在那个早晨都同样的躺在那里 落叶上没有返回的足迹 哦,我把第一条路留给以后的日子 即便知道每条路都无止境 我怀疑自己是不是还会回来 兴许在多年以后 我将会叹口气说出这些: 树林中延伸着的两条路,我--- 选择了那条鲜有人踏过的 这使得一切与众不同 黄色的树林里分出两条路 可惜我不能同时去涉足 我在那路口久久伫立 我向着一条路极目望去 但我却选择了另外一条路 它荒草萋萋，十分幽寂 显得更诱人，更美丽 虽然在这两条小路上 都很少留下旅人的足迹 虽然那天清晨落叶满地 两条路都未经脚印污染 呵，留下一条路等改日再见 但我知道路径延绵无尽头 恐怕我难以再回返 也许多少年后在某一个地方 我将轻声叹息把往事回顾 一片森林里分出两条路 而我却选择了人迹更少的一条 从此决定了我一生的道路

黄叶林中出条岔路， 无奈一人难于兼顾， 顺着一条婉蜒小路， 久久伫立极目远眺， 只见小径拐进灌木。 接着选择了另一条， 同样清楚似乎更好， 引人踩踏铺满茂草， 踏在其间难分彼此， 尽管真有两条道。 清晨里躺着两条路， 一样叶被无人踏脏， 愿将第一条来日补， 但知条条相连远途， 怀疑日后怎能回返。 在很久以后某一地， 我将叹息诉说于人， 两路岔开在树林里， 我选的那条足迹稀， 而一切差别由此起。 黄叶树林中岔开两条路， 可惜我不能两条都走。 我一个旅人久久地驻足， 极目去寻一条的尽头， 它转了弯没入灌木深处。   当然我选择另外一条路， 因为这似乎更加合理， 那里满是青草盼人光顾。 相比以前人们的足迹， 哪条人多实在没有分殊。   清晨两路同有落叶遮掩， 叶子尚未遭太多踩践。 想留第一条路来日再选， 可此路彼路条条相连， 一经此去实在难以回转。   多年之后某地回忆当初， 讲起此事我会轻声叹： 当年面对林中的两条路， 我把那条少人走的拣， 所有的一切皆由此而铸。

二、词类的转换 名词转译为动词 介词转译为动词 转译成动词 形容词转译为动词 副词转译为动词 动词转译为名词 转译成名词 形容、副词转译为名词 转译成形容词 其他词类的转译

My admiration for him grew more. That is a picture after Picasso My admiration for him grew more. That is a picture after Picasso. It is a very informative meeting. She opened the window to let fresh air in. 我对他越来越敬佩。 那是一幅模仿毕加索的画。 会上透露了许多信息。 她把窗户打开，让新鲜空气进来。

A ring symbolizes everlasting love A ring symbolizes everlasting love. The true, the good and the beautiful would not exist without the false, the evil and the ugly. He is physically weak but mentally sound. The President had prepared meticulously for his journey. 戒指是爱情忠贞不渝的象征。 没有真、善、美，就不存在假、丑、恶。 他身体虚弱，但思想健康。 总统为这次出访作了十分周密的准备。

Zhou Enlai was a quiet and thoughtful man Zhou Enlai was a quiet and thoughtful man. I have the honour to inform you that your appilcation has been accepted. He is a jovial giant, with huge appetite for food, drink and women. 周恩来举止优雅，待人体贴。 我荣幸地通知阁下，你的申请已被接受。 他生性乐观，身材魁梧，贪吃贪杯又贪色。

1) She has a good command of the English language 1) She has a good command of the English language. 她精通英语。 2) The application of electronic computers makes for a tremendous rise in labor productivity. 采用电子计算机可以极大地提高劳动生产率. 3) I am often impressed by my own tolerance of other people’s idiocies: what is harder to appreciate is that they, in their folly, are equally engaged in putting up with mine.

我常感叹自己能容忍别人的愚蠢，更难理解的是，别人虽然愚蠢，却也忍受着我的愚蠢。 4) For many years, stainless steel had been used for small things only. 多年来，不锈钢仅仅用于制造小物件。 5) “Coming!” Away she skimmed over the lawn, up the path, up the steps, across the veranda, and into the porch. “来啦！”她转过身蹦着跳着跑了，越过草地，跑上小径，跨上台阶，穿过凉台，进了门廊。

6) The fact that she was able to send a message was a hint 6) The fact that she was able to send a message was a hint. But I had to be cautious. 她能够给我带个信儿这件事就是个暗示。但是我必须小心谨慎。 7) We are not afraid of the future because of a bomb. We are afraid of bombs because we have no faith in the future. 我们不是因为有了原子弹而害怕将来，而是因为我们对将来没有信心而害怕原子弹。

8) Steven was eloquent and elegant, but soft 8) Steven was eloquent and elegant, but soft. 史蒂夫有口才、有风度，但很软弱。 9) Television is different from radio in that it sends and receives a picture. 电视与无线电的区别在于电视发送和接受的是图像。 10) It is chiefly characterized by its simplicity of structure. 它的主要特点是结构简单。 11) To them, he personified absolute power. 在他们看来，他就是绝对权威的化身。

11) The university aims at the first rate of the world 11) The university aims at the first rate of the world. 学校的目标是成为世界一流的大学。 12) He was too ignorant of the ways of the world. 他太不懂世道常情了。 13) Independent thinking is an absolute necessity in study. 独立思考对学习是绝对必要的。 14) He is a stranger to the operation of the helicopter. 他对直升机的操作很陌生。

16) The man nodded with satisfaction 16) The man nodded with satisfaction. 那人满意地点点头。 17) The pictures give a visual representation of the situation. 这些图片直观地展示了当时的情景。 18) She spoke to him with tenderness. 她和他说话时，声音非常柔和。 19) In the early dawn, the guard towers were silhouetted against the sky. 黎明时，天空映出了瞭望塔的轮廓。

Eg. Scientists jumped to the rescue with some distinctly shaky evidence to the effect that insects would eat us up if birds failed to control them. 译文：科学家们迅速赶来挽救这种局面，他们使用的证据明显站不住脚，其大意是：如果鸟类不能控制这些昆虫，昆虫就会把一切都吃光。 Eg. (1)Now since the assessment of intelligence is a comparative matter we must be sure that the scale with which we are comparing our subjects provides a“valid”or “fair”comparison. 译文：既然对智力的评估是相比较而言的，那么我们必须确保在对我们的对象进行比较时，我们所用的尺度能提供“有效的”或“公平的”比较。

Eg. (2)In fact, it is difficult to see how journalists who do not have a clear grasp of the basic features of the Canadian Constitution can do a competent job on political stories. 译文：事实上，很难明白那些还没有清晰地领会加拿大宪法基本特征的记者，如何能够胜任政治新闻的报道工作。 Eg. There will be television chat shows hosted by robots, and cars with pollution monitors that will disable them when they offend. 译文：将出现由机器人主持的电视谈话节目以及装有污染监控器的汽车，一旦这些汽车排污超标，监控器就会使其停驶。

It was Robert Frost’s belief that humility is more appropriate than haughtiness: ”It’s the recognition of the littleness of our knowledge in comparison with our ignorance that makes us gentle and considering.” It is what teachers think, what teachers believe, and what teachers do at the level of the classroom that ultimately shapes the kind of learning that young people get.

练习： 1) For students of composition, an awareness that rhetorical patterns differ from one culture to another culture can help them become more quickly proficient in a writing pattern that is not native to them. 2) He was a clever man; a pleasant companion; a careless student; with a great propensity for running into debt, and a partiality for the tavern. 学习写作的人，如果意识到修辞模式会因文化 的不同而不同有助于帮助他们更快地掌握他们 不熟悉的写作模式。 他是一个聪明人，谈吐非常风趣（很好相处），可是 学习却不肯用功；他老是东挪西借，又喜欢上酒店喝酒。 （他是很聪明，容易相处，但学习粗心大意， 喜欢借债，嗜好喝酒）

3) Once Clara was accosted by an old lady, battered and ragged and bent, who said as she walked along, and in accents of refined madness, that once the people that had lived there held their heads up high. 有一次，一个萎靡不振，衣衫褴褛，弯腰驼背的老妇同克拉克搭话。 她一边走一边用一种典雅的迷恋之情的口吻说， 过去住在这一带的可能都是些很神气的人。 曾经有位年迈驼背、衣衫褴褛的老妇人上前同克拉克搭话。 以一种故作高雅的口气边走边说，过去住在这一带的人可是个个神气十足。 有一次，一位衣衫褴褛的老妇人上前同克拉克搭话。 她因年迈而显得干瘪，也有些驼背。她边走边说， 语气里隐隐约约地显示出贵夫人的神气。她告诉克拉克， 过去住在这一带的人可能是些有头面的人物

Downstairs, then, they went, Joseph very red and blushing, Rebecca very modest, and holding her green eyes downwards. She was dressed in white, with bare shoulders as white as snow—the picture of youth, unprotected innocence, and humble virgin simplicity. 他们一路下楼，约瑟夫的脸涨得通红，丽贝卡则举止端庄，一双绿色的眼睛望着地上，她穿着洁白的衣服，露出雪白的臂膀。这是青春的偶像，这是烂漫的纯真，好一个温顺、纯洁的少女。

I love my love with an E, because she’s enticing; I hate her with an E, because she’s engaged; I took her to the sign of the exquisite, and treated her with elopement; her name’s Emily, and she lives in the east. 我爱我的爱人为了一个E，因为她是enticing（迷人的）；我恨我的爱人为了一个E，因为她是engaged（订了婚的）。我用我的爱人象征exquisite（美妙）；我劝我的爱人从事elopement（私奔），她的名字是Emily（艾弥丽），她的住处在east（东方）。（董秋斯）

我爱我的爱人，因为她很迷人；我恨我的爱人，因已许配他人。她在我心中是美人，我带她私奔，以避开外人；她名叫虞美人，是东方丽人。（姜秋霞，张柏然） 我爱我的那个“丽”，可爱迷人有魅力；我恨我的那个“丽”，要和他人结伉俪；她文雅大方又美丽，和我出逃去游历；她芳名就叫艾米丽，家住东方人俏丽。（马红军） 我爱我的心上人，因为她那样叫人入迷（enticing）；我恨我的爱人，因已订婚将作他人妻（engaged）；她花容月貌无可比拟（exquisite），我劝她私奔跟我在一起（elopement）；她的名字叫埃米丽（Emily），她的家就住在东城里（east）。我为我的心上人呀，一切都因为这个E！（陆乃圣）

There are plenty of things in life that you don’t want to do but you have to, this is responsibility. For the things that you want to do but you can’t, this is fate. 生命中有许多你不想做却不能不做的事，这就是责任；生命中有许多你想做却不能做的事，这就是命运。 Admonish your friends in private, but praise them in public. 私下告诫朋友，公开夸奖朋友。  The greatest friend of truth is time, her greatest enemy is prejudice, and her constant company is humility. (Charles Caleb Colton) 真理最好的朋友是时间，最大的敌人是偏见，永恒的伴侣是谦逊。（查尔斯·凯莱布·科尔顿） A crafty person despises knowledge, a pure person praises it, a wise one uses it. 狡猾的人轻视学习，单纯的人赞美学习，聪明的人利用学习。

The best and most beautiful things in the world cannot be seen or even touched – they must be felt with the heart. (Helen Keller) 世间最美好的东西看不到，触不着，只能用心去悟。（海伦·凯勒） Four steps to succeed: Stand the loneliness, withstand the temptation, understand how to give up, learn to choose.  成功人生四步曲：1、耐住寂寞；2、抵住诱惑；3、懂得放弃；4、学会选择。 Young men are fitter to invent than to judge, fitter for execution than for counsel, and fitter for new projects than for settled business.  青年人更适合于创新，而不是判断；更宜于实干，而不是给以劝告；更宜于开创新事业，而不是保守旧业。 All that you do, do with your might; things done by halves are never done right.  做一切事情都应尽力而为，半途而废永远不行。

Love is like the moon, when it does not increase it decreases. 爱情如月，不盈即亏。 Be the actor of your own life, not a spectator of others’ lives. 做自己生命的主角，而不是别人生命中的看客。 I’m perfect in my imperfections, happy in my pain, strong in my weaknesses and beautiful in my own way because I’m me.  我的不完美却恰恰是完美，在痛苦里感受快乐，在脆弱里变得坚强，我用自己的方式美丽着，因为我就是我。 Maybe it doesn’t matter which road we embark on. Maybe what matters is that we embark. 或许，人生重要的不是我们走了哪条路，而是我们是否迈出了脚步。 More have repented of speech than of silence. 多话的人比沉默的人后悔多。/言多后悔多。

In your life, there will at least one time that you forget yourself for someone, asking for no result, no company, no ownership nor love. Just ask for meeting you in my most beautiful years. (The Notebook)  一生至少该有一次，为了某个人而忘了自己，不求有结果，不求同行，不求曾经拥有，甚至不求你爱我。只求在我最美的年华里，遇到你。（《恋恋笔记本》） Some of us get dipped in flat, some in satin, some in gloss... But every once in a while you find someone who’s iridescent, and when you do, nothing will ever compare. (Flipped) 有人住高楼，有人在深沟，有人光万丈，有人一身锈，世人万千种，浮云莫去求，斯人若彩虹，遇上方知有。（《怦然心动》）

A man can fail many times, but he isn’t a failure until he begins to blame somebody else. (J. Burroughs )  一个人可以失败多次，但只要他没有开始责怪旁人，他还不是一个失败者。（巴勒斯） It is easy to open a shop but hard to keep it always open. / It is easier to get money than to keep it.  创业容易，守业难。 A celebrity is a person who works hard all his life to become well known, then wears dark glasses to avoid being recognized.  名人就是一辈子拼命工作想出名、出名后又戴上墨镜以免被认出来的人。 Early to bed and early to rise make a man healthy, wealthy and wise. (Benjamin Franklin)  早睡早起，令人健康、富有而且聪明。（本杰明·富兰克林） A drowning man will catch at a straw. 落水求生，见草就抓。

The value of culture is its effect on character The value of culture is its effect on character. It avails nothing unless it ennobles and strengthens that. Its use is for life. Its aim is not beauty but goodness. (Somersest Maugham) 文化的价值在于它对人类品行的影响。除非文化能使品行变为高尚，并加强品行，否则它便毫无效用。它的用处在于裨益人生。它的目标不是美，而是善。（毛姆） Every cock crows on his own dunghill. 公鸡总是在自己的粪堆上逞英雄。 To be alone is the fate of all great minds—a fate deplored at times, but still always chosen as the less grievous of the two evils. (Arthur Schopenhauer)  所有伟人都不免孤独——虽然人们对于这种命运时常扼腕，但是两害取其轻，他们还是宁愿选择孤独。（叔本华） A man is as old as he feels and a woman as old as she looks. 男人老，自己晓；女人老，看容貌。/ 男人的年龄看心情，女人的年龄看容貌。