Background 第四组 讲课人:魏嘉瑶 薛慧聪 贾玉先

Pub: Pub is the short form for public house Pub: Pub is the short form for public house. For those who want to sample a central part of British life and culture, pub is the best place to go. Pub culture is designed to promote sociability. Pubs are places where people meet friends and enjoy themselves. Many have, for instance, television sets, amusement machines and jukeboxes and provide facility for playing carts, billiards, dominoes and similar games. Some also employ musicians for evening entertainment, such as piano playing, folk singing and modern jazz.

酒馆：pub 是 public house 的缩略形式。对于那些想要领略英国生活 和文化核心部分的人来说，酒馆不失为一个好的去处。在因其保守而 出名的英国社会里，酒吧文化的形式是为了促进社会交往，酒吧成为 会见朋友和和娱乐的地方。许多酒馆都设有电视机、游乐机、自动唱 片点唱机、并提供纸牌、台球、多米诺骨牌等。有些酒馆也会邀请音 乐家来表演节目，如演奏钢琴、演唱民谣和爵士乐。

The Washington Post: a prestigious and highly influential U. S The Washington Post: a prestigious and highly influential U.S. newspaper published in Washington D.C. The newspaper first appeared in 1877 and in the 60s it was closely related to the Kennedy family and now it is influenced by the Morgan family who holds a substantial share of its stocks. Great important has been attached to its editorials as well as articles, many of which are often cited in the Congress.

《华盛顿邮报》，美国最有影响的 三大大报之一（其余两家为《纽约 时报》《洛杉矶时报》），该报于 1877年创刊，60年代它与肯尼迪 家族息息相关，如今在摩根家族的 掌控之下。其社论和文章很受重视， 常在国会被引用。

The History of English 1. Old English(449--1066) Anglo-Saxon English Roman Empire and Roman invasion Latin influence 2. Middle English(1066--1500) Norman Empire and Norman invasion French influence 3. Early Morden English(1500--1700) Renascence=Renaissance English came royally into its own

4.Modern English: From 1700, especially from 1900, a big change took place. 5. Contemporary English: British English and American English Australian English Canadian English English Varieties: China English, Indian English, Japanese English,etc.

The King's English: supposedly correct or Standard English (esp The King's English: supposedly correct or Standard English (esp. British English) as to grammar and pronounciation; so called from the notion of royal sanction. When the ruling monarch is a queen, itis called "the Queen's English".

标准英语：即语法和发音均正确和标 准的英语，由皇室的传统发展而来。 有时，我们将标准英语称为“国王英 语”或者“女王英语”。

Norman English: Words and phrases introduced into the English language by the Norman rulers.

诺曼底英语：即有诺曼底统治者所介 绍推广的英语。

Salon: A drawing room of a private home in french-speaking countries Salon: A drawing room of a private home in french-speaking countries. In the drawing room of famous people regular meetings of literary and artistic people are held. In such meetings conversation is supposed to be witty and learned. Paris in the 18th century was famouse for such salon meetings.

沙龙，在法语国家盛行的在社会名流家里定期举行的社会聚会，通常 由文学家和艺术家举行。在这样的场合下，聊天必须机智诙谐，显示 渊博知识。18世纪时，沙龙在巴黎尤为盛行。

Dumans:referring to Alexandre Dumans(1820- 1870), French novelist and dramatist.Duman's initial successes were in the realm of France drama with his plays being considered as pioneers of Romantic theatre in France. He wrote prolifically, and his most famous works are The Three Musketeers （1844） and The Count of Monte Cristo (1845). Most of his works are set in real historical background, and they are also characterized by unexpected plots, clear organization as well as witty dialogues.

亚历山大·大仲马（1820-1870），法国著名小说家、戏剧家。起初， 他着手剧本的创作，并在法国戏剧界获得成功，他的剧作被视为法国 浪漫主义戏剧的先锋之作。他一生进行了大量的创作，其中最为著名 的当数《三个火枪手》（1844）和《基督山伯爵》（1845）。他的作 品大多以真实的历史为背景，此外，异乎寻常的故事情节，清晰明朗 的故事结构，灵活机智的人物对话也构成了大仲马小说的特色。

Lamb: Charles Lamb (1775-1843), English essayist and poet, most famous for his collection The Essays of Elia(1823, 1833) and Tales from Shakespeare(1807) which he wrote in collaboration with his sister Mary Lamb. The latter one is regarded as a valuable retelling of Shakespeare's work for children. Apart from these, Lamb's critical comments in Specimens of English Dramatic poets (108) are among the classics of English criticism.

查尔斯·兰姆（1775-1834），英国散文作家、评论家和诗人，其代表 作品有《伊利亚随笔集》（1823,1833）以及与他姐姐玛丽·兰姆合编 的《莎士比亚故事集》（1807）。一直以来，这部故事集都是孩子们 学习莎士比亚戏剧的入门读物。此外，兰姆在《英国戏剧诗人创作》 （1808）中的评论也成为了英语文学评论的经典之作。

Structure Part 1 : paragraphs 1-4 general introduction to conversation and its charms Part 2: paragraph 5 A transition paragraph--- from a general discourse on good conversation to a particular instance about “the King’s English”

Structure Part 3: paragraphs 6- the last but one The particular topic of “The King’s English” 1. the resistance against “the King’s English” from the lower societies like Australia; 2. the language barrier between Saxon peasants and the Norman rulers

Structure Part 4 : the last paragraph Winding up the theme (what makes a good conversation) by pointing out what hinders a good conversation is someone who is trying to talk sense

Main Idea Conversation does not start with a given topic; Expository writing of what makes a good conversation; Conversation does not start with a given topic; Nor end with the problems settled; Bar conversation has a charm of its own; A heated discussion on “The King’s English”

Main Idea A resistance against “the King’s English” in a lower society like Australia; A language barrier between the Saxon peasants and their Norman conquerors; Examples to show this; Even literates make mistakes in using “the King’s English”; Thus, informal language is needed in conversations.