Affirmative & Negative Expressions in Translation

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Affirmative & Negative Expressions in Translation 第十二章 表达转换译法 Affirmative & Negative Expressions in Translation

第十二章重点 第十二章综合练习及参考译文 第十二章 表达转换译法 12.1 按表达习惯译 12.2 按内涵意义译 12.3 按词汇意义译 课堂互动1 12.1 按表达习惯译 12.1.1反话正说,否定译肯定 12.1.2正话反说,肯定译否定 12.1.3反话反说,否定译否定 课堂互动2 课堂互动3 12.2 按内涵意义译 12.2.1肯定译否定,更能传神达意 12.2.2否定译肯定,更能表达原文涵义 12.3 按词汇意义译 课堂互动4 12.3.1含有否定意义的动词,译为否定句 12.3.2含有否定意义的名词,译为否定句 12.3.3含有否定意义的代词,译为否定句 12.3.4含有否定意义的形容词,译为否定句 12.3.5含有否定意义的连词,译为否定句 12.3.6含有否定意义的副词,译为否定句 12.3.7含有否定意义的介词(短语),译为否定句 12.3.8 含有否定意义的句子结构,译为否定句 课堂互动5 第十二章综合练习及参考译文 综合练习1 综合练习2 --end

Affirmative & Negative Expressions in Translation 第十二章 表达转换译法 Affirmative & Negative Expressions in Translation 表达转换译法亦称“正说反译法”、“正反译法”、“反正、正反表达法”,即以“正”译“反”或以“反”译“正”来表达原语的内容。

生活中,正话不仅可以正说,还可以反说;反话不仅可以反说,还可以正说;实话不仅可以实说,还可以虚说;直话不仅可以直说,还可以弯说;硬话不仅可以硬说,还可以软说,……。

英语中有肯定形式表示肯定意义,也有肯定形式表示否定意义;同样否定形式有表示否定意义的,也有否定形式表示肯定意义的。当肯定或否定在形式与内容上完全一致时,即用肯定形式表示肯定意义,否定形式表示否定意义,称为肯定与否定的一般表示法。

但是肯定与否定这两个方面在一定的特殊条件下又能互相包含,互相转化。在形式与内容上出现了不一致现象,即否定形式表达肯定意义,或肯定形式表达否定意义。

其他用于表达否定意义否定形式: ● 大量使用否定词缀; ● 形式肯定意义否定的动词等; ● 介词和副词等; ● 形容词等; 英语中这类否定大多是用否定词来表示。否定词覆盖面很广,包括名词、代词、动词、形容词、副词、介词、连词等。 其他用于表达否定意义否定形式: ● 大量使用否定词缀; ● 形式肯定意义否定的动词等; ● 介词和副词等; ● 形容词等; ● 相关的名词等; ● 短语等以及其他结构等。

汉语的否定词比英语少得多,在表达否定意义时,汉语没有严格意义上的形态变化,表达形式比较简单,易于辨认,几乎所有表达否定意义的词语中都含有明显的标志性否定词,以副词居多,个别形容词或少数动词。

有时英语用否定形式表达的意义,汉语只能用肯定的形式来表达;英语用肯定形式表达的意义,汉语只能用否定的形式来表达。 改变表达方式主要从三反面考虑: ● 语言习惯 ● 语言形式 ● 词汇意义 小节结束

12. 1 按表达习惯译 (Translation Based on Habitual Expressions) 12.1.1 反话正说,否定译肯定 英语中有一些否定句,可根据词句的涵义、逻辑关系,按汉语表达习惯,把否定译肯定,才符合汉语思维和行文习惯。

例1:An opportunity is not likely to repeat itself. 【译文】机会难得。 例2:Such things are of no rare occurrence. 【译文】这些事情经常发生。

例3:Here in Poland, you people don’t know how to eat properly 例3:Here in Poland, you people don’t know how to eat properly. Noodles and chicken soup and chicken soup and noodles. What are noodles anyway? —Nothing but water. You only bloat the belly. 【译文】在波兰这里,人们真不懂得怎么吃。老是鸡汤面条、面条鸡汤。面条算什么饭——一碗水,只胀大了肚皮。

例4:No man can have too much knowledge and practice. 【译文】知识和实践越多越好。 例5:That’s not a man that lives who does not know his god-like hours. (William Wordsworth) 【译文】凡是活在世上的人都曾有过神仙般的几段绝好时光。(双重否定表示强烈肯定)

例1:The significance of these incidents wasn’t lost on us. 补充例句 例1:The significance of these incidents wasn’t lost on us. 【译文】这些事引起了我们的重视。 例2:He has no small chance of success. 【译文】他大有成功的可能。 例3:Nothing is useless to man. 【译文】样样东西都有用。(双重否定用来表示强烈肯定)

【译文】在苦难中,重返故土的想法始终在他心头萦绕。 补充例句 例4:The thought of returning to his native land never deserted him amid his tribulation. 【译文】在苦难中,重返故土的想法始终在他心头萦绕。

【译文】只有当我们能直觉到观念符合或不符合的时候,我们才能有知识。 补充例句 例5:That we can have no knowledge farther than we can have perception of that agreement or disagreement. (John Locke: An Essay Concerning Human Understanding) 【译文】只有当我们能直觉到观念符合或不符合的时候,我们才能有知识。 小节结束

1.These scientists could not believe the two Curies more. 课堂互动1: 翻译句子, 注意否定译肯定(参考译文) 1.These scientists could not believe the two Curies more. 【译文】这些科学家完全相信居里夫妇。 2.John can be relied on; he eats no fish and plays the game. 【译文】约翰为人可靠,忠诚又正直。

3.There is nothing like health. 【译文】健康是最重要的。 课堂互动1: 翻译句子, 注意否定译肯定(参考译文) 3.There is nothing like health. 【译文】健康是最重要的。 4.We’re almost home; we’ll be there in no time. 【译文】我们快到家了;马上就要到了。

【译文】今天下午,学生统统要交上书面作业。 课堂互动1: 翻译句子, 注意否定译肯定(参考译文) 5.Students, with no exception, are to hand in their papers this afternoon. 【译文】今天下午,学生统统要交上书面作业。 6.Styles come and go, but good taste is timeless. 【译文】文风随时在变,而文雅是永恒的。

7.All the articles are untouchable in the museum. 课堂互动1: 翻译句子, 注意否定译肯定(参考译文) 7.All the articles are untouchable in the museum. 【译文】博物馆内一切展品禁止触摸。 8.Mexico City is an earthquake zone and earth tremors are not unusual. 【译文】墨西哥城市在地震区,地动很正常。

9.No one has nothing to offer to society. 课堂互动1: 翻译句子, 注意否定译肯定(参考译文) 9.No one has nothing to offer to society. 【译文】人人对社会都有所贡献。(双重否定用来表示强烈肯定) 10.I can’t wait to see you again. 【译文】我真希望能早点再见到你。

12.1.2 正话反说,肯定译否定 英语中有一些句子,句式是肯定句,意义却是否定的。可根据词句的涵义,按汉语表达习惯,肯定译否定,通顺自然,语言地道。

例1:The window refuses to open. 【译文】窗户打不开。 例2:It is a wise father that knows his own child. 【译文】聪明的父亲也未必了解自己的儿子。 例3:Keep off the grass. 【译文】请勿践踏草坪。

例4: She refrained from laughing. 【译文】她忍住没有笑。 例5:The thick carpet killed the sound of my footsteps. 【译文】我走在厚厚的地毯上一点儿声音也没有。

例1:The pursuit of science withdraws interest from external things. 补充例句 例1:The pursuit of science withdraws interest from external things. 【译文】科学家由于致力于科学研究,对外界事物总是不感兴趣。

例2:In the grave the rich and the poor lie equal. 【译文】人死后即无贫富之差别。 补充例句 例2:In the grave the rich and the poor lie equal. 【译文】人死后即无贫富之差别。 例3:We live meagerly, but at the same time, we blessed in many ways. 【译文】我们生活并不富裕,但同时在很多方面又是很幸运的。

例4:My guess is as good as yours. 【译文】我的猜测并不比你的高明。 补充例句 例4:My guess is as good as yours. 【译文】我的猜测并不比你的高明。 例5:Before he could stop, I had rushed out of the classroom. 【译文】在他还没来得及阻拦我之前,我已经跑出教室。 小节结束

1.She was refused admittance by them. 【译文】他们不让她进去。 课堂互动2: 翻译句子, 注意肯定译否定(参考译文) 1.She was refused admittance by them. 【译文】他们不让她进去。 2.The world today is far from peacefulness. 【译文】今天的世界很不安宁。

3.His noble deeds are above all praise. 【译文】他的高尚行为是赞扬不尽的。 课堂互动2: 翻译句子, 注意肯定译否定(参考译文) 3.His noble deeds are above all praise. 【译文】他的高尚行为是赞扬不尽的。 4.The handshake also has a rich history as a symbol of reconciliation or rapport. 【译文】历史上,以握手作为重归于好或和睦亲善的象征的,也不乏其例。

6.He laughed till his side split. 【译文】他把肚子都要笑破了。 课堂互动2: 翻译句子, 注意肯定译否定(参考译文) 5.We may safely say so. 【译文】我们这样说万无一失。 6.He laughed till his side split. 【译文】他把肚子都要笑破了。

7.The mistake escaped me. 【译文】我没注意到这个错误。 课堂互动2: 翻译句子, 注意肯定译否定(参考译文) 7.The mistake escaped me. 【译文】我没注意到这个错误。 8.The truth is quite other than what you think. (other than = not, anything but) 【译文】事实真相与你想的完全不同。

【译文】他们竞相建立一个不是以石油收入为主要来源的经济。 课堂互动2: 翻译句子, 注意肯定译否定(参考译文) 9.They are racing to build an economy based on something other than oil revenues. 【译文】他们竞相建立一个不是以石油收入为主要来源的经济。

【译文】当时我并不知道自己是在拼写一个词,甚至不知道有所谓的词,不过是像猴子一样用手指模仿罢了。 课堂互动2: 翻译句子, 注意肯定译否定(参考译文) 10.I did not know that I was spelling a word or even that words existed; I was simply making my fingers go in a monkey-like imitation. 【译文】当时我并不知道自己是在拼写一个词,甚至不知道有所谓的词,不过是像猴子一样用手指模仿罢了。 小节结束

12.1.3 反话反说,否定译否定 英语中有一些否定表达形式,汉语也可用否定表达形式,但要注意逻辑关系、上下关系、否定范围,是特指否定还是泛指否定,是单词、短语否定还是句子否定,是隐形否定还是显形否定, 只要搞清这些关系,才能把否定译否定而不改变原文之意。

例1:That sort of thing was so much in the air that I, for one, didn’t question it. 【译文】到处都是这样,我也就不觉得有什么不对。(特指否定) 例2:His refusal is not final. 【译文】他的拒绝并不是不可改变的。(重复否定)

例3:Tell me not, in mournful numbers, Life is not but an empty dream. For the soul is dead that slummers, And things are not what they seem. (Longfellow) 【译文】请莫用哀容悲调愁言, 对我诉说人生虚若幻梦。 那恰如死去的沉睡灵魂, 才不知造物的风情万种,仪态千般。(一般否定)

例1:We never thought of nothing wrong. 补充例句 例1:We never thought of nothing wrong. (=We never thought of anything wrong.) 【译文】我们从来没想到有什么错误。(重复否定) 例2:Waste not, want not. (=If you don’t waste, you will not want.) 【译文】不浪费,不缺乏。(一般否定)

例3:You have been ignoring me. 【译文】你一直不把我放在眼里。 补充例句 例3:You have been ignoring me. 【译文】你一直不把我放在眼里。 例4:Most of the time I am in ignorance of his whereabouts. 【译文】我常常不知道他的去向。 小节结束

【译文】他的收入非常少,而工作却如此潜心,所以他决心永不结婚。(特指否定) 课堂互动3: 翻译下列句子, 注意否定译否定(参考译文) 1.He was so underpaid and so deep in his work that he had declared never to marry. 【译文】他的收入非常少,而工作却如此潜心,所以他决心永不结婚。(特指否定) 2.It is unlikely but not impossible. 【译文】这个可能性不大,但也不是不可能。(显形否定)

3.Catch me making the same error again. 【译文】我决不再犯同样的错误。(隐形否定) 课堂互动3: 翻译下列句子, 注意否定译否定(参考译文) 3.Catch me making the same error again. 【译文】我决不再犯同样的错误。(隐形否定) 4.He doesn’t seem to like the idea. 【译文】他似乎不喜欢这个主意。(转移否定)

课堂互动3: 翻译下列句子, 注意否定译否定(参考译文) 5.Wealth we employ, not for talk and ostentation, but when there is a real use for it. 【译文】 财富的利用在于适当,并非为了夸口和炫耀。(特指否定)

6.But all men are not born to reign. 【译文】并非人人生来就都是做帝王的。 (部分否定) 课堂互动3: 翻译下列句子, 注意否定译否定(参考译文) 6.But all men are not born to reign. 【译文】并非人人生来就都是做帝王的。 (部分否定) 7.All men can’t be the first. 【译文】不可能人人都是第一。(部分否定)

【译文】不是所有写诗的人都是诗人。(转移否定) 9.Both children are not clever. 课堂互动3: 翻译下列句子, 注意否定译否定(参考译文) 8.All that write poems are not poets.(=Not all that write poems are poets.) 【译文】不是所有写诗的人都是诗人。(转移否定) 9.Both children are not clever. 【译文】并非两个孩子都聪明。(或许这个没那个聪明。)(部分否定)

【译文】这座山不是因为高才有价值。(特指否定) 课堂互动3: 翻译下列句子, 注意否定译否定(参考译文) 10. The mountain is not valuable because it is high.(=The mountain is valuable not because it is high. 【译文】这座山不是因为高才有价值。(特指否定)

正反译法是一个很有用的翻译技巧,虽然说法变了,意思还是原来的。之所以要改变,主要是由于词语之间的关系、句式的变化、习惯表达等方面的因素。“正话反说,反话正说”是提高译文水平的有效方法之一。 小节结束

12. 2 按内涵意义译 例1:In the high altitude snow and ice remain all the year. ( Translation Based on Essential Expressions) 12. 2. 1肯定译否定,更能传神达意 例1:In the high altitude snow and ice remain all the year. 【译文】海拔高的地方,冰雪常年不化。

例2:The explanation is pretty thin. 【译文】这个解释很不详细。 例3:I have looked for him everywhere except in the dormitory. 【译文】我到处找他,就是宿舍没有去。

例4:Slips are scarcely avoidable when you’re new to your work. 【译文】工作没有经验,出点差错,在所难免。 例5:The sun sends out more solar energy than man can use. 【译文】太阳放出的太阳能,人类用不完。

例1:His work often falls short of the mark. 【译文】他的作品常常达不到标准。 补充例句 例1:His work often falls short of the mark. 【译文】他的作品常常达不到标准。 例2:There have always been more books than anyone could read. 【译文】任何人都不能读尽天下之书。

例3:It was beyond his power to sign such a contract. 【译文】他无权签订这个合同。 补充例句 例3:It was beyond his power to sign such a contract. 【译文】他无权签订这个合同。 例4:Yet the process of achieving gender equality is still an ongoing one. 【译文】然而争取男女平等的过程仍然是一项未竟之业。

【译文】的确,这位在美国最受欢迎的作家的探索精神、爱国热情、浪漫风格以及幽默感丝毫不亚于人们能够想象的程度。 补充例句 例5:Indeed, this nation’s best-loved author was every bit as adventurous, patriotic, romantic, and humorous as anyone has ever imagined. 【译文】的确,这位在美国最受欢迎的作家的探索精神、爱国热情、浪漫风格以及幽默感丝毫不亚于人们能够想象的程度。 小节结束

例1:Don’t lose time in posting the letter. 【译文】赶快把信发出去。 12. 2. 2 否定译肯定,更能表达原文涵义 例1:Don’t lose time in posting the letter. 【译文】赶快把信发出去。 例2:There is nothing unexpected about it. 【译文】一切在意料之中。

例3:I could not feel better. 【译文】我感觉很好。 例4:Nothing can live without water. 【译文】万物皆靠水生存。

例5:A book may be compared to your neighbour; if it is good, it can not last too long; if bad, you cannot get rid of it too early. 【译文】一本书可比作邻居;如果好,结识愈久愈好;如果不好,分手愈早愈好。

例1:It leaves nothing to be desired. 【译文】这已完美无缺。 补充例句 例1:It leaves nothing to be desired. 【译文】这已完美无缺。 例2:This fresh air will do you no harm after you being in the house all day. 【译文】在屋里呆了一整天之后,吸吸新鲜空气对你大有好处。

例3:He never spared himself and so he made me work hard. 补充例句 例3:He never spared himself and so he made me work hard. 【译文】他严格要求自己,也叫我努工作。

【译文】一旦实现承诺,你自然会得到奖励;如果食言,面临的就是惩罚。 补充例句 例4:You’ve automatically arranged for a reward if you comply with your commitment and a punishment if you don’t. 【译文】一旦实现承诺,你自然会得到奖励;如果食言,面临的就是惩罚。

【译文】在有些国家,大生意必须要通过目光接触,面对面交谈才能进行。 补充例句 例5:In some countries no major business is conducted without eye contact, requiring face-to-face conversation. 【译文】在有些国家,大生意必须要通过目光接触,面对面交谈才能进行。 小节结束

1.She is past hope of recovery. 【译文】她没有康复的希望了。 课堂互动4: 注意正反内涵意义(参考译文) A. 翻译下列句子 1.She is past hope of recovery. 【译文】她没有康复的希望了。 2.The evidence is clear enough, excluding all possibilities. 【译文】证据确凿,毋庸置疑。

3.He aims at inhuman perfection in everything he does. 课堂互动4: 注意正反内涵意义(参考译文) A. 翻译下列句子 3.He aims at inhuman perfection in everything he does. 【译文】他做任何事情都指望达到超人的完美。 4.Styles come and go, but good taste is timeless. 【译文】风格随时在变,而文雅是永恒的。

5.The doubt was still unsolved after his repeated explanation. 课堂互动4: 注意正反内涵意义(参考译文) A. 翻译下列句子 5.The doubt was still unsolved after his repeated explanation. 【译文】虽然他一再解释,疑团依然存在。 6.In all my travel I had yet to see a place as beautiful as the West Lake. 【译文】我所到之处还未见过像西湖这样美的地方。

【译文】她再老也不至于把所有的钱财都花用于衣着上吧。 课堂互动4: 注意正反内涵意义(参考译文) A. 翻译下列句子 7.She is old enough to know better than to spend all her money on clothes. 【译文】她再老也不至于把所有的钱财都花用于衣着上吧。

【译文】他突然听见背后有声响,便立刻意识到车库里还有别人。 课堂互动4: 注意正反内涵意义(参考译文) A. 翻译下列句子 8.Suddenly he heard a sound behind him, and realized he was not alone in the garage. 【译文】他突然听见背后有声响,便立刻意识到车库里还有别人。

【译文】你应该知道,这样冷的天气不可以穿着那样一双夏天的单鞋到外面去,你不冻脚才怪呢。 课堂互动4: 注意正反内涵意义(参考译文) A. 翻译下列句子 9.You ought to know better than to go out in this cold weather in those thin summer shoes; no wonder your feet got cold. 【译文】你应该知道,这样冷的天气不可以穿着那样一双夏天的单鞋到外面去,你不冻脚才怪呢。

【译文】当我把一个婴儿抱在怀里的时候,怎么也没有想到有一天我会走出自己的家而与他结婚。 课堂互动4: 注意正反内涵意义(参考译文) A. 翻译下列句子 10.Little I dreamed when I had him in my arms, a baby, that I should be some day marrying him out of my own house. (G. Meredith) 【译文】当我把一个婴儿抱在怀里的时候,怎么也没有想到有一天我会走出自己的家而与他结婚。

2.He will certainly come unless he is ill. A.只要他没有病倒,就一定会来的。 课堂互动4: 注意正反内涵意义(参考译文) B. 正误判断 1.Man is not born to die. A.人生下来就是要活下去。 B.人生下来不是要死。 2.He will certainly come unless he is ill. A.只要他没有病倒,就一定会来的。 B.除非他病倒,他就一定会来的。 3.John was a fool for danger. A. 约翰对危险是傻子。 B. 约翰天不怕地不怕。

4.Such a chance was denied me. A.我被这样一个机会给拒绝了。 B.我没有得到这样一个机会。 课堂互动4: 注意正反内涵意义(参考译文) B. 正误判断 4.Such a chance was denied me. A.我被这样一个机会给拒绝了。 B.我没有得到这样一个机会。 5. She is just like a man. A.她刚好像个男人。 B.她一点也不像个女人。

(E.M.Forster: The Celestial Omnibus) A.“真是的!我应该让他们知道这件事。我真是傻得该死。” 课堂互动4: 注意正反内涵意义(参考译文) B. 正误判断 6.I deserve it. I deserve that they should know. I am too silly to be alive. (E.M.Forster: The Celestial Omnibus) A.“真是的!我应该让他们知道这件事。我真是傻得该死。” B.“真是的!我应该让他们知道这件事。我傻得不能活。”

A.非洲不踢出西方帝国主义为了请进其他新的主子。 B.非洲踢出西方帝国主义并不是为了请进其他新的主子。 课堂互动4: 注意正反内涵意义(参考译文) B. 正误判断 7.Africa is not kicking out Western imperialism in order to invite other new masters. A.非洲不踢出西方帝国主义为了请进其他新的主子。 B.非洲踢出西方帝国主义并不是为了请进其他新的主子。

8.The significance of these incidents wasn’t lost on us. 课堂互动4: 注意正反内涵意义(参考译文) B. 正误判断 8.The significance of these incidents wasn’t lost on us. A.这些事件引起了我们的重视。 B. 这些事件不是对我们不起作用。

A.这时我觉得我要死在那儿了,下面山谷里的景致却看得异常清晰。在我看来,这些景致依然那样美丽。 课堂互动4: 注意正反内涵意义(参考译文) B. 正误判断 9.I believe then that I would die there, and I saw with a terrible clarity the things of the valley below. They were not the less beautiful to me. (N. S. Momaday: The End of my Childhood) A.这时我觉得我要死在那儿了,下面山谷里的景致却看得异常清晰。在我看来,这些景致依然那样美丽。 B.这时我觉得我要死在那儿了,而下面山谷里的景致却看得异常清晰。在我看来,这些景致并不是不美丽。

10.Catch her telling lies again! A. 她再也不敢说谎了。 B. 她正在说谎让人给逮住了。 课堂互动4: 注意正反内涵意义(参考译文) B. 正误判断 10.Catch her telling lies again! A. 她再也不敢说谎了。 B. 她正在说谎让人给逮住了。 正确答案:1A 2A 3B 4B 5B 6A 7B 8A 9A 10A 小节结束

12. 3 按词汇意义译 12. 3. 1含有否定意义的动词,译为否定句 12. 3 按词汇意义译 (Translation Based on Lexical Meanings) 12. 3. 1含有否定意义的动词,译为否定句 句子中并无 no, not, never 等词汇,但动词含有否定语气,可译为否定句。这类动词如fail, miss, lack, hold, ignore, refuse, withhold, refrain(from), neglect, deny, overlook, exclude 等在句子中出现, 就可运用反意译法, 这样会使意义更明确。

例1:A few pages of this dictionary are wanting. 【译文】这本字典少了几页。 例2:To our disappointment, he failed to take the overall situation into account. 【译文】使我们失望的是他不顾全大局。

例3:If the weather holds a couple of days,the plane will take off. 【译文】要是天气三两天内保持不变,飞机就起飞。

例4:His body is fine other than the paralysis, but he has told me that if it ever gives out he would be interested in having his head put on another body. 【译文】除了四肢瘫痪以外,他的身体还算不错的,他已对我说过,身体一旦不行了,他愿意将自己的脑袋安在别人身上。

例1:She has missed out the sweet course. 【译文】那道甜食她已不吃了。 补充例句 例1:She has missed out the sweet course. 【译文】那道甜食她已不吃了。 例2:Mr. White has refrained from making any official comment on the coup in that country. 【译文】怀特先生并没有对该国的政府发表正式评论。

【译文】校委会决定不发给某些学生部分助学金。 例4:They excluded children (from) getting in. 补充例句 例3:The board has decided to withhold part of their grant money from certain students. 【译文】校委会决定不发给某些学生部分助学金。 例4:They excluded children (from) getting in. 【译文】他们不许小孩入内。

例5:The system of water supply in the city leaves much to be desired. 补充例句 例5:The system of water supply in the city leaves much to be desired. 【译文】这座城市的自来水供应系统极不完善。

【译文】……“不给妇女以学习的机会是世界上最野蛮的风俗之一,而我们还把自己看成是一个文明的基督教国家呢。” 补充例句 例6:…it is “one of the most barbarous customs in the world, considering us as a civilized and a Christian country, that we deny the advantages of learning to women.” 【译文】……“不给妇女以学习的机会是世界上最野蛮的风俗之一,而我们还把自己看成是一个文明的基督教国家呢。” 小节结束

12. 3. 2 含有否定意义的名词,译为否定句 句子中含有否定语气的名词,可译为否定句。这类名词如 absence, exclusion,lack, failure, ignorance, neglect, refusal, reluctance, variance等在句子中出现, 就可运用反意译法, 这样使表达更为符合情理。

例1:His absence of mind during the driving nearly caused an accident. 【译文】他开车时心不在焉,差点出事。 例2:The two brothers have been at variance for many years. 【译文】这兄弟俩不和睦已有好多年了。

例3:Never concentrate all your attention on one or two problems to the exclusion of others. 【译文】别把注意力集中在一两个问题上,而不顾其他问题。

例4:Failure to fix the signs and symbols peculiar to mathematics in mind and to learn the definitions and technical terms keeps you from mastering the mathematical subjects. 【译文】记不住数学所有的记号和符号,弄不清定义和术语,你就学不好数学。

例1:Your absence of mind resulted in this accident. 补充例句 例1:Your absence of mind resulted in this accident. 【译文】你注意力不集中才导致了这次事故。 例2:His failure to work well worried us. 【译文】他未做好工作使我们感到焦虑。

【译文】他对我们的建议做出极不满意的样子,但最后还是接受了。 补充例句 例3:She made a great show of reluctance, but finally accepted our offer. 【译文】他对我们的建议做出极不满意的样子,但最后还是接受了。

例4:Chance and accidents are only the aliases of ignorance. 补充例句 例4:Chance and accidents are only the aliases of ignorance. 【译文】碰巧和意外都只是不了解事实真相的别名。

【译文】这就是他对不赞成打的意见的回答。 补充例句 例5:It was his answer to suggestion of reluctance to fight. (W. Stevenson: A Man Called Intrepid) 【译文】这就是他对不赞成打的意见的回答。

【译文】事态如此严重而美国对直接参与的国家却丝毫起不了影响,这个情况至少也应该使人们头脑清醒过来了。 补充例句 例6:The almost total absence of any U.S. sway with the parties directly involved in such a dangerous situation is sobering to say the least. 【译文】事态如此严重而美国对直接参与的国家却丝毫起不了影响,这个情况至少也应该使人们头脑清醒过来了。 小节结束

12. 3. 3含有否定意义的代词,译为否定句 句子中含有否定语气的代词(代词词组),可译为否定句。这类代词如anything but等在句子中出现, 就可运用反意译法,anything but之后一般接名词、代词、形容词、分词等。这样使译文简洁流畅。

例1:He is anything but modest. 【译文】他一点也不谦虚。 例2:We shall design anything but old-fashioned machines. 【译文】我们决不设计老式机器。 例3:That little bridge is anything but safe. 【译文】那座小桥不安全。

例1:It is anything but a new-type machine. 【译文】这决不是一台新型机器。 补充例句 例1:It is anything but a new-type machine. 【译文】这决不是一台新型机器。 例2:He is anything but diligent. 【译文】他一点也不用功。

补充例句 例3: I doubt if I have anything more for my present rule of life than following inclinations which do me and nobody else any harm, and actually give pleasure to those I love best. 【译文】我现在只是悠然自得地生活着,这于我有害而对任何他人都没有害处,实际上还让那些我最爱的人感到快乐呢——除此之外,我不相信自己目前还有更多的生活准则。

12. 3. 4含有否定意义的形容词,译为否定句 句子中含有否定语气的形容词(形容词短语)可译为否定句。这类形容词如 few, little, poor, free from (of), far from, safe from, apart from, short of, inferior to等在句子中出现, 就可运用反意译法。这样使译文清楚明白。

例1:True, reading is far from the only source of knowledge. 【译文】的确,阅读远非知识的惟一来源。 例2:This creek is free of ice in winter. 【译文】这条小溪冬天不结冰。

例3:There is a poor supply of well-qualified English teachers in the school. 【译文】这所学校缺少合格的英语老师。

例4:There is no doubt that the novel stands distinctly apart from her other novels in tone and moral message, though not in theme. 【译文】无疑这部小说,与她的其他小说相比,主题未改,但情调与道德信仰却全然不同。

例1:The show was far from being a failure; it was a great success. 补充例句 例1:The show was far from being a failure; it was a great success. 【译文】这次演出根本没有失败,是十分成功。 例2:Water and air have little effect upon lead. 【译文】水和空气对铅没有什么影响。

例3:The moving body is kept free from the action of forces. 补充例句 例3:The moving body is kept free from the action of forces. 【译文】该运动的物体未受外力的作用。 例4:She (Jane Austen) was worried that Emma “might appear inferior in wit” to Pride and Prejudice. 【译文】她(简· 奥斯丁)曾担心《爱玛》可能会在风格上显得不如《傲慢与偏见》。 小节结束

12. 3. 5 含有否定意义的连词,译为否定句 句子中含有否定语气的连词,可译为否定句。这类连词如unless, otherwise, before, until, other (rather) than, or, instead of等在句子中出现, 就可运用反意译法,这样使译文自然流畅。

例1:Get everything ready before it’s too late. 【译文】把一切准备好,免得太迟来不及。 例2:I’ll do it now before I forget. 【译文】趁着没忘我现在就干。

例3:Rather than cause trouble, he left. 【译文】他不想惹麻烦,就走了。 例4:Unless we grasp this point we shall never be able to acquire even elementary knowledge. 【译文】不了解这一点,就不能得到起码的知识。

例1:That increased instead of decreased our courage. 补充例句 例1:That increased instead of decreased our courage. 【译文】那不但没有减轻反倒增加了我们的勇气。 例2:He said he wouldn’t go unless invited. 【译文】他说了,不请他,他是不会去的。 例3:I borrowed some books other than novels. 【译文】我借了几本书,都不是小说。

【译文】事实上,敢于实验是今日中国最引人注目的特点之一,它来源于信心而不是出于不稳定感。 补充例句 例4:In fact, the willingness to experiment is one of the most striking features of China today, and it seems to be rooted in confidences rather than security. 【译文】事实上,敢于实验是今日中国最引人注目的特点之一,它来源于信心而不是出于不稳定感。 小节结束

12. 3. 6 含有否定意义的副词,译为否定句 句子中含有否定语气的副词(副词短语)可译为否定句。这类副词如little, lightly, otherwise, (have) yet to, too…to…, too…for…等在句子中出现, 就可运用反意译法,这样使译文习惯自然。

例1:They had barely enough time to catch the train. 【译文】他们差点儿没赶上火车。 例2:He was 60, but he carried his years lightly. 【译文】他60岁了,可并不显老。 例3:He evidently thinks otherwise. 【译文】他显得有不同的想法。

例4:Japan has begun offering HDTV (high-definition television) on a limited basis, and some European countries will start within two years. The United States, yet to choose an official HDTV system, may lag slightly. 【译文】日本已经开始在有限范围内提供高清晰度电视,有些欧洲国家也将在两年以内开始。美国至今尚未选定法定的高清晰度电视制,因此可能会稍微落后一点。

例1:Silver is too costly to be used for general contacts. 补充例句 例1:Silver is too costly to be used for general contacts. 【译文】银很贵重,不常用来做一般电器触头。 例2:He is too young for the position. 【译文】他太年轻,胜任不了这工作。

例3: The woman’s body is still to be identified. 【译文】女尸身份尚未查明。 补充例句 例3: The woman’s body is still to be identified. 【译文】女尸身份尚未查明。 例4:Six months after the invasion, they have yet to establish themselves as anything approaching the masters of all they survey. 【译文】入侵已有六个月了,可是他们还远远没有把他们所到达的地方全都控制起来。 小节结束

12. 3. 7 含有否定意义的介词(短语),译为否定句 含有否定语气的介词(短语)可译为否定句。这类介词(短语)有but, against, without, above, below, except, beyond, instead of, in place of, out of等在句子中出现, 就可运用反意译法,译为否定句,这样使译文表达符合习惯。

例1:His conduct is above reproach. 【译文】他的行为无可指责。 例2:I am below him in working ability. 【译文】我在工作能力方面不如他。

例3:Einstein’s theory of Relativity is quite beyond me. 【译文】我一点也不懂爱因斯坦的相对论。 例4:To visit them all is quite beyond the capacity, both mental and physical, of any visitor. 【译文】任何一个参观者要想把它们看个遍,在脑力和体力上都是不可能的。

例1:I’ll ride a bike instead of taking a bus. 【译文】我不想乘车,我打算骑自行车。 补充例句 例1:I’ll ride a bike instead of taking a bus. 【译文】我不想乘车,我打算骑自行车。 例2:Our excitement was beyond words when we heard the good news. 【译文】我们听到这好消息时的激动心情是无法用语言表达的。

【译文】他似乎想不出恰当的字眼来表达思想。 补充例句 例3:He seemed to be at a loss for the precise word to complete his thought. 【译文】他似乎想不出恰当的字眼来表达思想。 例4:He is a different man from what he was ten years ago. 【译文】他这个人,现在与十年前大不相同。

【译文】这个人看来熟门熟路,很快就悄悄地溜进通往总统包厢后面通道的门里不见了。 补充例句 例5:The man seemed to know his way about and he soon slipped silently out of sight through the door leading into the passage behind the President’s box. 【译文】这个人看来熟门熟路,很快就悄悄地溜进通往总统包厢后面通道的门里不见了。 小节结束

12. 3. 8 含有否定意义的句子结构,译为否定句 这类结构的译法是由从句的谓语动词所决定的,表示某一动作或状态由过去某一时刻结束到现在为止的一段时间。从句谓语常用一般过去时,用哪类特性的动词都可以,但从语义的角度讲,非持续性动词作从句谓语,语义与其词义相一致;持续性动词作从句谓语与其词义恰好相反。

例1:It is five years since he came back. 【译文】他回来已经五年了。(肯定) 例2:It is already three years since he was a teacher. 【译文】他不当老师已经三年了。(否定)

例3:It was three years since we had been there. 【译文】我们在那儿已呆了三年。(肯定) 例4:It’s been years since I skated last. Now I can’t skate as fast as I could. 【译文】我已经有多年没有滑溜冰了。我现在滑得也不如以前快。(否定)

例1:It is a long time since I studied English. 【译文】我很久没有学习英语了。(否定) 补充例句 例1:It is a long time since I studied English. 【译文】我很久没有学习英语了。(否定) 例2:It is years since I enjoyed myself so much. 【译文】好多年我没有这么尽兴了。(否定) 例3:It is a long time since I smoked. 【译文】我很长时间不抽烟了。(否定) 小节结束

1.That fellow is far from being honest. 【译文】那家伙很不老实。 课堂互动5: 翻译下列句子, 注意各类词的否定意义 (参考译文) 1.That fellow is far from being honest. 【译文】那家伙很不老实。 2.She arrived before I expected. 【译文】我没有料到她来得这么早。 3.I have a completely open mind. 【译文】我完全没有成见。

4.Worm gear drives quiet. 【译文】蜗轮转动没有噪音。 5.It’s anyone’s guess. 课堂互动5: 翻译下列句子, 注意各类词的否定意义 (参考译文) 4.Worm gear drives quiet. 【译文】蜗轮转动没有噪音。 5.It’s anyone’s guess. 【译文】这事谁也不清楚。

6.When I want your opinion, I’ll ask for you. 【译文】请你不要插嘴。 课堂互动5: 翻译下列句子, 注意各类词的否定意义 (参考译文) 6.When I want your opinion, I’ll ask for you. 【译文】请你不要插嘴。 7.I, rather than you, should do the work. 【译文】是我做这项工作,而不是你。

8.How can machine work in the absence of electricity? 【译文】没有电,机器怎么运转? 课堂互动5: 翻译下列句子, 注意各类词的否定意义 (参考译文) 8.How can machine work in the absence of electricity? 【译文】没有电,机器怎么运转? 9.I got but little out of it. 【译文】我从中简直没有得到什么。

【译文】他一动不动地蹲在车盖上,像往常一样微笑着。 课堂互动5: 翻译下列句子, 注意各类词的否定意义 (参考译文) 10.He was squatting motionless on the hood of the car, smiling as usual. 【译文】他一动不动地蹲在车盖上,像往常一样微笑着。 11.Owing to lack of time, we cannot do more than what we have done. 【译文】由于时间不够,我们只能做到这样。

12.He reminded me of what I would otherwise have forgotten. 课堂互动5: 翻译下列句子, 注意各类词的否定意义 (参考译文) 12.He reminded me of what I would otherwise have forgotten. 【译文】他提醒了我,要不然,我就会把这事给忘了。 13.Scientists are far from enough to meet the needs of the present world. 【译文】科学家还远远不能满足当今世界的需要。

14.My feelings of gratitude are more than I can express. 课堂互动5: 翻译下列句子, 注意各类词的否定意义 (参考译文) 14.My feelings of gratitude are more than I can express. 【译文】我的感激之情是用语言所不能表达的。 15.Without your help, I could not have fulfilled the task in time. 【译文】要不是你帮助,我是无法按时完成那任务的。

无论是英语还是汉语,同样一个意思往往可以有从正面或从反面来说的两种表达方式。英语里一个正面的意思常常采用一个反面的汉语词语来表达,或一个反面的意思常常采用一个正面的汉语词语来表达,这样反而能把意思表达得更准确贴切,生动有力。英译汉时,只要对原文理解正确,所用词语符合汉语习惯,上下结合得好,不必要完全照搬原文的肯定或否定句式,可大胆地使用正反译法。

但这并不是说只要原文是从正(肯定)面表达,译文就非要从反(否定)面去译;或原文是从反(否定)面表达,译文就非要从正(肯定)面去译。方法的选择不是强制性的,而是选择性的。有时候正译和反译都对,都讲得通,这就有个方法选用的问题,到底选用哪种方法,要根据其在译文中的表达效果、所在的语言环境意境、思维方式、表达习惯而定。比如:

例1:But with the world steel industry deep in the doldrums, who needed iron ore carriers? 【译文一】世界钢铁工业不景气,谁还需要这些矿砂船呢?(反译法) 【译文二】随着钢铁工业的严重萧条,谁还需要这些矿砂船呢?(正译法)

例2:You never really know a man until you stand in his shoes and walk around in them. (H. Lee: To Kill a Mocking Bird) 【译文一】你只有在设身处地的时候才会真正了解一个人。(反译法) 【译文二】你不在设身处地的时候,就不会真正了解一个人。(正译法)

肯定与否定、正与反,是一对完全对立的概念。英语中的否定形式表示肯定意义,肯定形式表示否定意义也是一种常见的语言表达形式。

正反翻译法是解决肯定与否定、否定与肯定这对矛盾的方法。 ● 从表达角度来看,以双重否定的形式表示肯定以取得强调作用; ● 从反面来表达正面意思显得更加有力。 ●从语言习惯上来说,以肯定形式来翻译某些否定形式或以否定形式来翻译某些肯定形式更合乎汉语的表达习惯。 ● 从修辞角度来看,以否定形式表示肯定意义则具有夸张的手法,能起到更形象的说明作用。 正反翻译法正好满足了这种表达的需要。 小节结束

1. 用正反译法翻译下列句子(否定→肯定,肯定→否定) 第十二章综合练习及参考译文 1. 用正反译法翻译下列句子(否定→肯定,肯定→否定) 1)Nothing but socialism can save China. 【译文】只有社会主义才能救中国。 2) He delayed his arrival until my return. 【译文】我回来后他才到。

3) There are numberless stars in the sky. 【译文】天上的星星数不清。 第十二章综合练习及参考译文 1. 用正反译法翻译下列句子(否定→肯定,肯定→否定) 3) There are numberless stars in the sky. 【译文】天上的星星数不清。 4) He was the last man to say such things. 【译文】他决不会说这样的话。

5) Shall we have fish instead of meat today? 【译文】今天我们不吃肉就吃鱼好吗? 第十二章综合练习及参考译文 1. 用正反译法翻译下列句子(否定→肯定,肯定→否定) 5) Shall we have fish instead of meat today? 【译文】今天我们不吃肉就吃鱼好吗? 6) At this his heart missed a beat and he became pale. 【译文】听到这话,他心里一跳,脸色也变了。

7) No less than 150 people were injured in the crash. 第十二章综合练习及参考译文 1. 用正反译法翻译下列句子(否定→肯定,肯定→否定) 7) No less than 150 people were injured in the crash. 【译文】这次飞机失事中,受伤人数竟多达150人。 8) It was really a bad book --- a non-story with non-characters. 【译文】那本书真差劲——莫名其妙的人物,乱七八糟的故事。

第十二章综合练习及参考译文 1. 用正反译法翻译下列句子(否定→肯定,肯定→否定) 9) A divorced woman is likely to find herself in an unenviable position. 【译文】离婚女子极易觉得自己被人另眼相看。

10) There may as well be amity and life, 第十二章综合练习及参考译文 1. 用正反译法翻译下列句子(否定→肯定,肯定→否定) 10) There may as well be amity and life, ’Tween snow and fire, as treason and my love. (Shakespeare: The Merchant of Venice) 【译文】我的爱情跟奸谋就像火炭与冰雪一样,二者之间绝无亲睦友善可言。

11) “Had you ever seen the man before then?” 第十二章综合练习及参考译文 1. 用正反译法翻译下列句子(否定→肯定,肯定→否定) 11) “Had you ever seen the man before then?” “No, I hadn’t. He was a total stranger.” 【译文】“你以前见过这个人吗?” “没有。我根本不认识他。”

1. 用正反译法翻译下列句子(否定→肯定,肯定→否定) 第十二章综合练习及参考译文 1. 用正反译法翻译下列句子(否定→肯定,肯定→否定) 12) With confidence in our armed forces—with the unbounded determination of our people—we will gain the inevitable triumph—so help us God. 【译文】我们对我国的武装部队充满信心,我国的人民具有无比的决心,胜利必将属于我们。愿上帝帮助我们。

1. 用正反译法翻译下列句子(否定→肯定,肯定→否定) 第十二章综合练习及参考译文 1. 用正反译法翻译下列句子(否定→肯定,肯定→否定) 13) But their zeal for the task is apparent, despite the snakes and mosquitoes that infest Peason Ridge, the ankle-deep mud after it rains or the unvarying meals of cold beans and meatballs eaten straight from the can. 【译文】尽管在皮森岭有许多蛇和蚊子,下雨后没膝的泥泞,而且每顿总是开罐头吃冷肉丸煮豆子,但他们的热情并没有减退。

【译文】我们上午十一点出发。本来开车两小时就能到,但我们直到晚上七点才到。 第十二章综合练习及参考译文 1. 用正反译法翻译下列句子(否定→肯定,肯定→否定) 14) We started off at 11 in the morning. The drive should have taken two hours, but we didn’t reach our destination until seven that night. 【译文】我们上午十一点出发。本来开车两小时就能到,但我们直到晚上七点才到。 小节结束

第十二章综合练习及参考译文 2. 短文翻译 Job Hunting 【译文】成功的面试 2. 短文翻译 Job Hunting 【译文】成功的面试 即将到来的夏季又是大学毕业生奔忙于求职面试的时光。他们期望四年昂贵的高等教育不至于徒劳无益。 The coming early summer is again the time when college students are busy with job interviews in the hope that four years high priced education was not in vain.

第十二章综合练习及参考译文 2. 短文翻译 Job Hunting A job hunter can have the best credentials in the world and still fail the job interview. If that happens his dream of employment are shattered at least with one employer. 一个求职者即使持有世界上最好的文凭,也可能败于求职面试。如果面试一次又一次地失败,求职者的就业梦也就会一个接一个地破灭。

第十二章综合练习及参考译文 2. 短文翻译 Some people are naturally better at interviews than others, thanks to an outgoing personality. But it takes more than smooth talk to—a job. 【续】有的人性格开朗,天生就比其他人长于面试,表现出众。他们的成功不仅仅在于进行了一次顺利的谈话,而在于获得了一次工作的机会。

第十二章综合练习及参考译文 2. 短文翻译 Personnel experts say that preparation is the thing. Learn how to play the game of hard questions, which is what a job interview is all about. Interviewers may differ in technique, but there are some common questions most of them always ask. 【续】人事部门的专家说:面试准备很重要。人们应该学会如何巧妙应答面试官可能提出的种种难题。面试官们的面试提问技巧各有不同,但所问问题却大抵相同。

第十二章综合练习及参考译文 2. 短文翻译 “The first 60 to 80 seconds are the most important part of an interview,” ED Morsier, a director of the Graduate School in Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh said. “This occurs during the same talk before the hard questions begin. If you can relate some unique experience that will make the interviewer remember you, you may clinch a job,” he said. 【续】“最初的60秒至80秒是面试最为重要的一段时间。”匹兹堡卡列格梅隆大学研究生院院长爱迪• 摩西尔说。 他说:“这是在难题提问之前进行的简短的准备谈话的一部分。如果这时你能讲出一些自己的独特经历,给面试官留下个好印象,那你就有希望获得一份工作。”

第十二章综合练习及参考译文 2. 短文翻译 But it must be done without appearing to be contrived. I remember a girl who mentioned that she did macrame. So did the interviewer’s wife. Some of the questions seem harmless enough. Actually, they are tricks designed to bring out your weaknesses and strengths. 【续】但这一切必须做得得体自然,不能出现故意策划的痕迹。我记得一位女同学在谈话中曾提到她会做花边,恰好面试她的那位考官的妻子也会做花边。 面试中有些问题看起来无足轻重,但实际上对这些问题的回答可以表现出被面试人的优点长处和缺点不足。

第十二章综合练习及参考译文 2. 短文翻译 “Tell me about your life” is always asked. It is a trap for ramblers. The interviewer wants to see how quickly you organize your thoughts and how well you communicate. Someone who rambles a lot is on shaky ground. 【续】“谈谈你的生活情况。”这个问题几乎是所有的面试官都要提到的。对那些喜欢闲聊的人来讲这个问题却像一个陷阱。根据你的回答,面试官可以判断你能否快速组织思想,自如交流。那些不着边际漫聊闲谈的人在面试中不会成功。

第十二章综合练习及参考译文 2. 短文翻译 Your answer also provides a glimpse of your character and interest. Morsier recalled an episode about a lawyer being interviewed for trial work with a large firm. “She talked about skiing medal she had won. It showed she liked to win.” So she was given the position. 【续】通过回答问题,可以反映你的性格和兴趣。摩西尔回忆了一家大公司面试一位见习律师的情况。“她提到她曾获得滑雪奖牌的事。这表明她喜欢获胜争强。”因而她得到了这份工作。

第十二章综合练习及参考译文 2. 短文翻译 Another question that usually catches people off guard: What is your weakness? It’s a most difficult question. One should always try to present a weakness in a positive light. You might say: “One of my problems is that I’m a perfectionist. It interferes with my personal life because I’m always taking work home.” 【续】另一个问题常被人们忽视,那就是:你的缺点是什么? 这是个最难回答的问题。被面试的人应该从积极的方面提出自己的缺点。你可以说:“我的缺点是对什么事都追求尽善尽美。由于我常把工作带回家,影响了我的个人生活。”

第十二章综合练习及参考译文 2. 短文翻译 Perhaps the most dangerous booby trap is the inquiry: What do you think of your former boss or company? “Never bad mouth anyone”, advises Morsier. If you were fired, try to owe it to personality conflicts rather than to some other people. But always stress that the conflicts didn’t prevent you from doing your job well. 【续】或许最危险的陷阱就是当你被问及这样的问题:谈谈对你的前任老板或公司的看法。 “千万不要说任何别人的坏话”,摩西尔劝告说。如果你被解雇了,尽量把它归咎于性格不合,而不要怪罪他人。但还要强调说这种性格不合并不会妨碍你干好自己的工作。

第十二章综合练习及参考译文 2. 短文翻译 Be more careful about the presentation of your former boss. It might be noted that “he helped me learn specific skills” or “he was under a lot of pressures”. You might add, “But I would have handled it differently and shown more compassion to the employees.” --- end 【续】当说到你的前任老板时,更要小心谨慎。你可以这样说:“他让我学到了许多技能技巧,”或者说“他的压力也很大。”这些话会给人留下好的印象。你还可以说“如果我处在他的位置,我会用不同的方法来处理这事,我会更加同情公司雇员”等等。

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