The concepts of Ecosystem Approach and Ecosystem Services “生态系统方法”与“生态系统服务” 概念初探

Biodiversity loss + global warming ++ => Unprecedented Environmental Change 生物多样性丧失 + 全球变暖 ++ => 无法预计的环境变化

Ecosystem Approach 生态系统方法 Meant basicly for governments under CBD-implementation. Focus on the highest level of biodiversity 主要针对政府履行《生物多样性公约》（生多公约），关注生物多样性的最高层次 Industry/economic sectors may contribute greatly to ”implementation” 工业（经济）部门可以对“执行”贡献巨大 No blueprint for all situations 没有针对所有情况的蓝图计划 Preconditions and various success-factors for each principle每条原则的前提条件和各种成功因素 Specific ”Integrated Resource Management Procedures” (IRMPs) in various biomes/ecosystems? 各种生物群落（生态系统）特有的“综合资源管理程序” (IRMPs) ？

(INTEGRATED) ECOSYSTEM APPROACH (EA) 1. Management objectives are a matter of societal choice 管理目标是社会的选择 2. Management should be decentralised to the lowest appropriate level 管理应该下放到恰当的最低层级 3. Consider the effects on other areas/ecosystems 考虑对其他领域或生态系统的影响 4. Ecosystem management must be understood in a socio-economic context 必须在社会经济环境中理解生态系统管理 5. Conservation of ecosystem functioning is crucial 保护生态系统功能尤为重要 6. Management should be undertaken at the appropriate scale (related to problem/challenge) 应该在合适的范围和尺度内进行管理（与问题和挑战相关） 7. Set long term goals and beware of lag effects 制定长期目标，了解阻碍目标实现的因素 8. Beware of cyclic and other changes 了解循环变化和其他的变化 9. Manage within the limits to system(s) functioning 在系统功能的限制范围内进行管理 10. Find balance between conservation and sustainable use 在保护与可持续利用之间寻找平衡 11. Use all relevant information 使用所有相关信息 12. Involve all relevant sectors/stakeholders/disciplines 将所有相关部门、利益相关方和领域都纳入进来 (INTEGRATED) ECOSYSTEM APPROACH (EA) （综合）生态系统方法（EA）

Ecosystem approach/Ecosystem services 生态系统方法和生态系统服务 A conceptual link between the concepts 各概念之间的概念性联系 Key aspects of biodiversity management can be developed 生物多样性管理的重要方面都得到发展 Trade-off challenges arise between various services 需要在不同服务之间进行权衡所带来的挑战 New methodologies are needed, both for valuation and trade-off procedures 需要经济价值评估与权衡程序的新方法论 Multilevel perspective important, but policy conflicts between administrative levels may occur 多层面的视角很重要，但是有可能发生行政层级之间的政策冲突

Basic thinking 基本思想 Those who have the benefits, should bear the costs, and those who have costs without benefits, should be compensated 谁获益谁负担成本，那些没有获益却负担了成本的应该获得补偿。 There are often trade-offs! Methods for optimal trade-offs must be developed 总会存在权衡现象！需要开发能得到最佳权衡结果的方法。 Valuation methodology is still deficient and must be much improved 经济评价方法仍然不够有效，需要进一步改进。 ES is more difficult to apply over multiple levels. How can we capture global values at the national and local level? 生态系统服务方法很难在多层面上应用。如何在地方和国家层面上获得全球的价值？

Inter- Governmental Science-Policy Platform for Biodiversity and Ecosystems (IPBES) 生物多样性和生态系统服务 政府间科学政策平台（IPBES） 全球生物多样性评估 千年生态系统评估

Provisioning Services 供给服务  Biochemicals, medicines 生物化学制品、药品 Genetic resources 遗传资源 wood fuel 木材燃料 +/– cotton, silk 棉花，丝绸 timber 木材 Fiber 纤维 wild foods 野生食物  aquaculture 养殖渔业 capture fisheries捕捞渔业 livestock 家畜 crops 粮食作物 Food食物 Status现状 Service服务 Provisioning Services 供给服务 Fresh water 淡水

Regulating and Cultural Services Status现状 +/– Recreation and ecotourism 娱乐与生态旅游  Aesthetic values 美学价值 Spiritual and religious values精神与宗教价值 Cultural Services文化服务 Natural hazard regulation 调节自然灾害 Pollination授粉 Pest regulation 调节病虫害 Disease regulation 疾病调节 Water purification and waste treatment 净化水质和处理污物 Erosion regulation 调节水土流失 Water regulation 调节水资源 Climate regulation – regional and local调节气候——区域和地方范围  Climate regulation – global 调节气候——全球范围 Air quality regulation 调节空气质量 Regulating Services调节服务 Regulating and Cultural Services 调节服务与文化服务

Basic thinking 基本思想 Those who have the benefits, should bear the costs, and those who have costs without benefits, should be compensated 谁获益谁负担成本，那些没有获益却负担了成本的应该获得补偿。 There are often trade-offs! Methods for optimal trade-offs must be developed 总会存在权衡现象！需要开发能得到最佳权衡结果的方法。 Valuation methodology is still deficient and must be much improved 经济评价方法仍然不够有效，需要进一步改进。 ES is more difficult to apply over multiple levels. How can we capture global values at the national and local level? 生态系统服务方法很难在多层面上应用。如何在地方和国家层面上获得全球的价值？

Advantages with the concept of ES 生态系统服务（ES）概念带来的优势 Biodiversity and ecosystem services must be integrated in the national economy. Economists “rules” anyway! 生物多样性和生态系统服务必须纳入国民经济，经济学家“规矩说了算”！ Not only provisioning services should be valued 不应只给供给服务估价 If it has an economic value, it is more likely to be conserved 如果一项服务具有经济价值，那么这项服务更有可能得到保护 Easier to compare management options 比较各种备选管理方案变得更容易 Compensation can be easier arranged 更容易开展补偿工作

Challenges with the ES-concept 生态系统服务概念面临的挑战 Can biodiversity and all nature elements and functions be valued in economic terms? 是否能用经济价值来衡量生物多样性以及全部的自然要素与功能？ Will the focus on economic values diminish other values? 关注经济价值是否会削弱其他的价值？ How to deal with the “beneficial” versus “harmful” species? 如何处理“获益”物种与“有害”物种之间的矛盾？ Biodiversity is different from biological resources. Different valuation methods are needed for different types of biodiversity 生物多样性不同于生物资源。针对不同类型的生物多样性需要使用不同的经济评估方法

Valuation challenges 经济价值评估面临的挑战 Economic versus other values 经济价值与其他价值 Intrinsic value of biodiversity 生物多样性的内在价值 Resource value of biodiversity elements versus insurance value of biodiversity 生物多样性要素的资源价值与生物多样性的保障价值 Value of the unknown/potential value? 未知/潜在价值的价值？ Value systems differ between countries/cultures 各个国家与各种文化的价值体系不尽相同 ”Willingness to pay”-investigations, problems with ”funny-money” “支付意愿”—有关“有趣的钱”的调研和问题

Ecosystem service tools drawn from the BSR report “New Business Decision-Making Aids in an Era of Complexity, Scrutiny, and Uncertainty Tools for Identifying, Assessing, and Valuing Ecosystem Services” 生态系统服务工具，选自BSR公司报告《新商业决策协助工具—在复杂、审查和不确定的时代中对生态系统服务进行确认、评价和估值》 ARIES (ARtificial Intelligence for Ecosystem Services 生态系统服务人工智能) www.ariesonline.org/ InVEST (Integrated Valuation of Ecosystem Services and Tradeoffs 生态系统服务综合估价与权衡模型) www.naturalcapitalproject.org EcoAIM (Ecological Asset Inventory and Management 生态资产清查与管理) http://conference.ifas.ufl.edu/aces/Presentations/Wednesday/Coyote-B-E/PM/Yes/0135%20P%20Booth.pdf EcoMetrix www.parametrix.com/cap/nat/_ecosystems_ecometrix.html ESR (Ecosystem Services Review 生态系统服务评估) World Resources Institute (WRI，世界资源研究所) www.wri.org/project/ecosystem-services-review ESValue www.entrix.com/

Payment for ecosystem services(PES) 生态系统服务付费（PES） A way of directing economic insentives 指导经济激励措施的一种方法 Volontary or compulsory? Can be included in legal regulations 自愿性还是强制性？是否可被纳入法律法规？ Payment also for passive provision of services? 是否也需要为被动提供的服务付费？ Monetary or in other forms? 使用货币还是其他形式？ Many transaction types/methods of payment 多种交易类型和付费方式 May also include government payment, but subsidies can be problematic in relation to WTO rules 也可以涵盖政府付费，但是此类补偿可能由于世贸组织的规定引发问题

Challenges with PES PES面临的挑战 Sometimes difficult to identify who provides the services and who benefits 有时很难确认谁提供了服务，谁获得了收益 Tenure and land rights issues may be unclear 林权和土地使用权问题可能不够清晰 Poor people can`t afford to pay and may loose their ”land use rights” (”Victim pays principle”) 穷人难以负担付费服务，也失去了“土地使用权”（“受害者付费原则”） Differentiation according to efforts and use difficult 很难根据努力程度和使用情况进行分化 How to avoid destruction of basic societal needs like food security by ”Cash-cropping”(Biofuel) 如何避免对社会基础需求产生破坏，例如“经济作物”对食品安全的威胁（生物燃料生产也是一个例子） How to make PES and poverty reduction strategies compatible? 如何兼顾生态系统服务付费与减贫战略？

Conclusions on ES and EA 有关生态系统服务和生态系统方法的结论 ES useful concept, but beware of pitfalls. Particularly useful for communication with non-conservationists. 生态系统服务的概念非常有用，尤其在与非保护主义者交流时更加有用，但也要谨防陷阱。 Integration of biodiversity and services into the general economy important, but valuation methods must be improved 将生物多样性及服务纳入综合经济非常重要，但是价值评估方法需要改进 Good trade-off techniques still missing 良好的权衡方法仍然缺失 PES is a positive insentive, but must be balanced with other insentives to keep nature management within ecological limits and with social systems in check 生态系统服务付费是个积极的激励措施，但是需要与其他的激励措施取得平衡，以保证在生态承载范围和社会体系内开展自然管理 EA is a good, holistic way of implementing CBD 生态系统方法是履行《生多公约》的良好的整体性方法

Thank you 谢谢!