替代方案(Alternatives)之參考

九-2 替代方案(Alternatives) Search database (date, years, keyword, Search strategy, expert consult) Phase 1 –Reduction and refinment Provides a comprehensive view of field of study, including techniques and common species used, and may address unnecessary duplication. Keyword Examples Analgesic or sedative Anesthesia Housing or facility or caging or management Welfare or well-being or pain or distress Technique or procedure or method or assay Phase 2 –Replacement Address potential alternatives such as cell or tissue culture, models, simulations, animals lower on the phylogenetic scale. Vitro or culture or artificial Tissue or cell or organ Virtual or simulation or digital or interactive Fish or mollusk or cephalopod Define the "3R's". Cite examples of nonanimal research methods and models that might aid you in your research goals. Discuss how regulations and policies on the use of alternatives affect your present and future projects. Cite the factors that influence animal model selection. List services that you can use to gather information on alternatives and indicate how you have access to these services. Russell and Burch

Website Assessing the Health and Welfare of Laboratory Animals(AHWLA) http://www.ahwla.org.uk/ USDA Animal Welfare Information Center (AWIC) http://awic.nal.usda.gov Altweb http://altweb.jhsph.edu/meetings/pain/intro.htm UCDAVIS http://www.vetmed.ucdavis.edu/Animal_Alternatives/endpoints.htm nc3Rs http://www.nc3rs.org.uk The Johns Hopkins Center for Alternatives to Animal Testing (CAAT) http://caat.jhsph.edu/index.htm Go3r http://www.go3r.org/

只是一篇導讀文章

未規定只能搜尋固定網站

Example 1 : 以database呈現 研究藥物對rheumatoid arthritis 之療效，目前以collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) in rats and mice 及 adjuvant-induced arthritis (AIA) in rats等方法為主，均需使用動物，無法以體外模型替代。經查www.nal.usda.gov/awic、http://toxnet.nlm.nih.gov/altbib.html 及 http://altweb.jhsph.edu 等網站（Keywords: arthritis, arthritis + animal, arthritis + rodent, arthritis + rat, arthritis + mouse. Access date: 2009/02/25 ）亦未查出可完全取代動物模型之方案。 二個以上有相關的關鍵字 本例可再增加關鍵字相關性 一個以上的alternative網站 Red flages 1 data base Only for painful aspects Alternative used alone Keyword not relevant protocol Inqdequate time period searched (<5yrs) 查詢日期+年度5年內

Example 2 : 以3R呈現 本計劃為一水腦症與心跳速率變異、血壓變異生理變化之相關研究，無法以cell culture、tissue culture、simulation等來取代（Replacement），此外也無法使用魚類與非脊椎動物等物種來進行本研究，殊為可惜。Refinement應是本計劃可以改進的部分。在其他水腦的動物模型，有的需要先抽實驗鼠的血再注入腦中，有的需開顱手術置入引發CSF通路阻塞的物質，不但費時而且對實驗鼠傷害較大。本研究引發水腦之方法已經經過改良，………………………，…………….，減少實驗鼠之痛苦。在減少實驗動物數量(Reduction)方面，減少實驗鼠之死亡率是較實際的方法。在我們過去的實驗發現將注射Kaolin之速度放慢一點，可以減少腦幹因Kaolin之急性壓迫而引起實驗鼠意外死亡。這將是我們努力的方向。 可增加文獻出處

多方性的考量 UCDavis