Last They drank up the last of the wine. only remaining 他们喝光了最后一滴酒。 I received your last letter in May. most recent in time; latest 我收到你的最近来信是在五月份。

Diction

Diction, the choice of words and phrases to express meaning 措辞，选词 Affective meanings Stylistic meanings Extended meanings Equivalent meanings

Choice of affective meanings what is communicated of the feelings and attitudes of the writer towards the reader commendatory derogatory neutral

Examples 侵略成性 有闯劲 激励 煽动 Aggressive nations threaten world peace. A salesman must be aggressive if he wants to succeed. He incited the soldiers to fight bravely. He was charged with inciting people to violence. 侵略成性 有闯劲 激励 煽动

Exercise The secret of a happy marriage is compromise. Eventually they reached a compromise. Sexism should be tackled without compromise. 婚姻美满的秘诀在于互让。 他们最终达成了和解。 在处理性别歧视方面决不能妥协。

Choice of stylistic meaning To ensure that the style is appropriate to the original context formal informal neutral

Although learning is judged to require from teachers (and sometimes indeed it does), the real instructors may be found not so much in school or in great laboratories as in the student’s own powers of insight. We think we learn from teachers, and we sometimes do. But the teachers are not always to be found in school or in great laboratories. Sometimes what we learn depends on our own powers of insight. You know, people are always saying that they learn from teachers! OK, so they do, sometimes. But what I want to get across is this: you don’t always find your teachers in school or in labs, either. No sir! Sometimes you find the teacher right in your own eyes and ears and brains. That’s where it’s at!

Formal Style Although learning is judged to require from teachers (and sometimes indeed it does), the real instructors may be found not so much in school or in great laboratories as in the student’s own powers of insight. 学识得之于导师是人所共见的，有时也确乎如此。但是，真正的“导师”大都不出自学校或实验室，而是学者本人的洞察力。

Informal Style We think we learn from teachers, and we sometimes do. But the teachers are not always to be found in school or in great laboratories. Sometimes what we learn depends on our own powers of insight. 大家都说我们是向老师求教，一般说来，情形的确如此。但是老师也并不只有在学校里或大实验室里才能找到。有时候，我们学到了东西，靠的是自己的心明眼亮。

Colloquial Style You know, people are always saying that they learn from teachers! OK, so they do, sometimes. But what I want to get across is this: you don’t always find your teachers in school or in labs, either. No sir! Sometimes you find the teacher right in your own eyes and ears and brains. That’s where it’s at! 大家总是说教学教学，老师教，学生学。不错，有时候是那么回事。但是，依我看，老师也不是只有在学校里或者在实验室里才能找到，不是的！有时“老师”就在你自己的脑袋里，在你的耳朵里、眼睛里。就是这么回事。

Choice of extended meaning Extend the meaning from the concrete or specific to the abstract or general Extend the meaning from the abstract or general to the concrete or specific

Extend the meaning from the concrete or specific to the abstract or general Nowadays a student heading for college may pack a frying pan along with his books. 实译：如今上大学的学生除了带他的书外，还可以带上一个煎烙饼的平底锅了。 虚译：如今大学生在学校里也可以自己做点吃的了。

Extend the meaning from the abstract or general to the concrete or specific The upper society then had not lost its exclusiveness nor its brilliance. 虚译：当时的上流社会仍然没有失去它的排外性和光彩性。 实译：当时的上流社会仍然焕发着奇光异彩，而且依然壁垒森严，不容下层人涉足。

Exercise The EU’s Common Agricultural policy is a dinosaur which is adding 27 euros a week to the food bill of the average French family. 欧盟的农业共同政策早已_________，它使法国家庭平均每周在食品开销上增加支出27欧元。 Once young people embark on a life of crime, prison does little to divert them. 年轻人一旦走上了犯罪道路，铁窗生活也难以使他们_________。 不合时宜 改邪归正

Exercise See-sawing between partly good and faintly ominous, the news for the next four weeks was never distinct. Without his knowledge, the matchmakers were at work. 在那以后的四个星期内，消息时而部分有所好转，时而又有点不妙，两种情况不断地交替出现，一直没有明朗化。 他自己还不知道，媒人却已为他穿针引线。

Choice of equivalent meaning Some English words or expressions look equivalent to their Chinese counterparts, but actually they are different. “False Friends”

lover = 爱人？

Lover a person having a sexual or romantic relationship with someone, especially outside marriage It was common for upper-class women to take lovers. 那时上流社会的太太养情人是很普遍的。 a person who likes or enjoys something specified He was a great lover of cats. 他很喜欢猫。

爱人 ài rén (1) 丈夫或妻子：在跟第三者说话时,夫妻一方对另一方的称呼 我的爱人在家呢 (2) 或指他人夫妇中的一位 他爱人在县剧团当演员 (3) 情人。恋爱中男女的一方,未婚的恋人

used as a term of endearment or affectionate form of address Don't worry, sweetheart, I've got it all worked out. 别担心，亲爱的，我已经把它全解决了。 a person that one is in love with They were sweethearts for ten years before they married. 他们结婚前恋爱了十年。 Valentine: someone you love or think is attractive, that you send a card to on Valentine’s Day

Other examples eat one’s words confidence man black art bring down the house pull one‘s leg I haven't slept better. People will be long forgetting her. 承认说错了话 骗子 妖术 博得全场喝彩 开玩笑，耍弄 我睡得好极了。 人们在很长时间内会记住她的。

Test Unemployment has stubbornly refused to contract for more than a decade. 十多年来，失业一直顽固地拒绝压缩。 Companies with a big staff in Beijing find themselves squeezed between high operating costs and shrinking business. 在北京的员工庞大的公司发现自己受着高运行成本和萎缩业务两方面的压榨。 Some state-owned restaurants usually offer slow and rude service, less-than-appetizing food and appalling toilets. 有些国营饭馆通常提供慢而粗鲁的服务，不可口的饭菜和可怕的厕所。

Unemployment has stubbornly refused to contract for more than a decade. 十多年来，失业一直顽固地拒绝压缩。 失业人数居高不下，已持续十几个年头了。

Companies with a big staff in Beijing find themselves squeezed between high operating costs and shrinking business. 在北京的员工庞大的公司发现自己受着高运行成本和萎缩业务两方面的压榨。 在北京，员工队伍庞大的公司出现了运行成本高、业务量不断萎缩的局面，举步维艰。

Some state-owned restaurants usually offer slow and rude service, less-than-appetizing food and appalling toilets. 有些国营饭馆通常提供慢而粗鲁的服务，不可口的饭菜和可怕的厕所。 有些国营饭馆还是一如既往地上菜慢、服务差、饭菜糟、厕所脏。

Nike’s obsession with cost, quality and speed of production has enabled it to beat the competition. 耐克公司着迷于成本、质量和生产速度，使它击败了竞争对手。 耐克公司极为注重降低产品成本，提高产品质量和加快生产速度，从而在竞争中立于不败之地。