Unit 1 Development of Nursing Wentao Peng, MD, Associate Professor West China Second University Hospital

Objectives State the contributions of Florence Nightingale to the development of nursing Identify the four concepts essential to nursing State the aims of nursing

Vocabulary（掌握） Infirmity 虚弱，缺点 Well-being 康乐，安宁，福利 Health promotion 健康促进 Health maintenance 维持健康 Health restoration 恢复健康 Care of the dying 临终关怀 3

Vocabulary（熟悉） Far-reaching 影响深远的，有广泛影响的 Recipient 容易接受的，接受者 Integrated 综合的，完整的 Interaction 交互作用，互动 4

Vocabulary（了解） Nourishing 影响深远的，有广泛影响的 Recreation 消遣、娱乐 dramatic 戏剧性的、生动的 profession 专业 compassion 同情、怜悯 5

Evolution of Nursing Nursing: art and profession Nursing:来自拉丁语nutricius, 意指nourishing A mother caring of baby is seen as early nursing Nurses accepted no special training

Evolution of Nursing The lady with the lamp Florence Nightingale 提灯女神——南丁格尔   International Nurses Day is celebrated around the world every May 12, the anniversary of the birth of British nurse Florence Nightingale. 每年的5月12日（暨英国护士弗罗伦斯南丁格尔的生日）全世界的人们都会庆祝国际护士节。 Florence Nightingale was born in Florence, Italy, on 12th May, 1820. He father was a wealthy landowner. 弗罗伦斯南丁格尔1820年5月12日出生在意大利的佛罗伦萨。她的父亲是一位非常富有的地主。  As a child, Florence was very close to her father, who, without a son, treated her as his friend and companion. 当她还是个孩子的时候，就和父亲的关系非常亲密。由于没有儿子，所以父亲对她就像朋友与同伴一样。 At the age of twenty-five, Nightingale told her parents she wanted to become a nurse. Her parents were totally opposed to the idea. 在25岁那年，南丁格尔告诉自己的父母她想成为一名护士，但是确遭到双亲的强烈反对。 Nightingale's desire to become a nurse was reinforced when she met Elizabeth Blackwell at a hospital in London. Blackwell was the first woman to qualify as a doctor in the United States. In 1851 Nightingale's father gave her permission to train as a nurse. 当南丁格尔在伦敦的一间医院里结识了伊丽沙白布莱克维尔之后，她想成为一名护士的愿望就进一步增强。布莱克维尔是美国第一位获得医生资格的女性。1851年，南丁格尔的父亲终于同意她去接受护士的培训。 Nightingale's lifetime was a legend. She became famous during the Crimean War years.When the Crimean War broke out in 1854, she sent female nurses into military hospitals in Turkey and dramatically cut the mortality rate. 南丁格尔的一生就是一个传奇。她在克里米亚战争时期逐渐地出名。当1954年克里米亚战争爆发的时候，她将女性护士送到土耳其的军事医院工作，大大地降低了士兵的死亡率。 Although Nightingale was bedridden for many years due to illness contracted in the Crimea, she campaigned tirelessly to improve health standards, publishing 200 books, reports and pamphlets. 虽然因为克里米亚战争她患有多种疾病并卧床不起，她还是坚持各种活动去改善当时的健康水平。并出版了200多册相关书籍，报导与小册子。 Nightingale died at the age of 90. She did everything in her power to help patients. She thought little of her own comfort and she inspired thousands of young women to become nurses. 南丁格尔在90岁的那年去世。她尽自己的全力去帮助病人。她为自己想的很少，但是她的精神却鼓舞着数以千计的年轻女性从事护理工作。

Evolution of Nursing Florence Nightingale(12 May 1820-13 Aug.1910) Family background -the daughter of the wealthy landowner in England -Well educated -Dissatisfied with dull, routine lifestyle of up-class women -Became aware of the inadequate care being provided in hospitals

Evolution of Nursing Florence Nightingale Contributions Crimean War (1954s) -Set up diets kitchens, a laundry, recreation centers, and reading rooms, and organized classes -Death rate reduced from 42% to 2% -Great success changed the prejudices against women and elevated the status of all nurses

Evolution of Nursing Nightingale was receiving the wounded in Scutari

The conditions of the sick and injured in Balaklava

A ward of the hospital at Scutari where Nightingale worked

Evolution of Nursing Florence Nightingale Contributions -Established the first school of nursing: Nightingale Training School for Nurses in London -Written documents: Notes in Nursing （护理札记） Note on Hospital （医院札记）

Four Concepts Essential to Nursing person health 护理 nursing environment

Concepts of Nursing Person -An integrated whole which consists of bio-psycho-social aspects 人被视为是由生理-心理-社会诸方面构成的一个整体 -Being greater than the sum of parts 整体人的功能大于其各方面机能的简单相加

Definition of Nursing Environment -Healthy environment leads to healthy people -Physical, social, political, economic and cultural environment all influence health

Concepts of Nursing Health -Healthy is a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being, not merely the absence of disease or infirmity 健康是一种生理、心理和社会适应的完好状态，而不仅 仅是没有疾病或虚弱

Concepts of Nursing Nursing -art and science -helping and caring

Aims of Nursing Health promotion Health maintenance Health restoration Care of the dying

Aims of Nursing Health promotion（增进健康） Health maintenance （保持健康） -help people to develop resources to maintain or enhance their well-being Health maintenance （保持健康） -help clients to maintain their health status

Aims of Nursing Health restoration （恢复健康） -help people to improve health following health problems or illness Care of the dying （临终关怀） -provide comfort and care for people of all ages while they are dying

Questions What main contributions has Florence Nightingale made in the development of professional nursing? What are the four concepts essential to nursing? What are the main focuses of nursing?

Unit 2 Health and Illness Wentao Peng West China Second University Hospital

Objectives Define health and illness Describe the characteristics of health definition of WHO Differentiate illness and disease Identify the factors that influence health

Vocabulary（掌握） Holistic 整体的，全盘的 Intellectual 智力的；知识分子 Spiritual 精神上的 Abnormality 畸形 Susceptibility 易感性 25

Vocabulary（熟悉） Disturbance 骚动，动乱 Variation 变化，变异 Genetic 遗传的，起源的 Electromagnetic 电磁的 26

Vocabulary（了解） multidimensional 多面的，多维的 temperament 气质，性情 profession Radiation 辐射，放射线 multidimensional 多面的，多维的 temperament 气质，性情 profession 专业 compassion 同情、怜悯 27

Vocabulary Holistic 整体的 eg：holistic nursing整体护理 Abnormality Electromagnetic electro- means electricity

Definition of Health A state of presence or absence of disease A state of being well and using individual’s every power the person has to the fullest extent -身体处于良好状态并最大限度发挥个体所有的能力 （南丁格尔） A dynamic state of being in which the development and behavioral potential of an individual is realized to the fullest extent possible -一个能尽可能发挥个体发展和行为潜能的动态过程 （AHA）

Definition of Health A state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being, and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity A wide variation in personal meaning and perceptions of health -个体的健康含义和感受方面的一个大范围的变异

Definition of Illness Illness -The personal experience of feeling unhealthy -A state in which the person’s physical, emotional, intellectual, social , developmental, or spiritual function is reduced or impaired compared with previous experience 人的生理、情绪、智力、社会、发展或精神活动方面与以前相比有所减退或削弱

Definition of Disease Disease -An interruption in the continuous process of health, manifested by abnormalities or disturbance in the structure and function of body parts, organs or systems. 疾病是健康连续过程的中断，通过机体各部分、器官 或系统的异常或紊乱表现出来 -Abnormalities appear clustered together -Being objective -A reduction of capacities or a shortening of normal life span

Disease\Illness\Well-being A person may feel ill or just not feel well because of a disease A person may also not feel ill even he has specific disease Illness may or may not be related to disease Well-being eg. physical well-being psychological well-beling

Factors Affecting Health Physical factor -genetic makeup, age, race, developmental level, and sex Psychological or emotional factor -mind-body interactions and self-concept 身心互动和自我概念 Environmental factor -housing, sanitation, climate, food ,air, water, soil, sunshine, etc.

Factors Affecting Health Lifestyle factor -persons’ behavior and surrounding that they control 涉及人的行为和可控制的环境等方面 Social factor -stable marriage or intimate family relationship, economic level, occupational situations and culture, health care system, social violence and traffic accident, people’s cultural background, etc.

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