现在完成时

1. 不强调时间，只强调动作到现在为止 是否完成。 2. 过去发生的动作一直持续到现在。 already yet ever never before just (* when不与现在完成时连用) 2. 过去发生的动作一直持续到现在。 how long for many weeks since last month so far these days up to now over/during the past 3 years recently … (* 短暂动词不能在2中使用)

现在完成时的含义 1.用来表示之前已经发生或完成的动作或状态，而其结果却和现在有联系: 1.动作或状态发生在过去, 但它的影响现在还存在。 They have left. --他们已经离开了,也就是说现在他们人不在这里 I have had my lunch. --我已经吃过午饭了,也就是说我现在不饿 2. 也可表示持续到现在的动作或状态。 He has learned English since 2001. --从2001年开始学的,现在还在继续学着呢

现在完成时表示的是在过去某个时间开始并持续到现在的动作/状态,或者发生在过去却对现在造成的影响 past future 一般过去时 now 一般过去时表示的是纯粹在过去发生的事情 现在完成时表示的是在过去某个时间开始并持续到现在的动作/状态,或者发生在过去却对现在造成的影响

现在完成时与一般过去时的比较 1）一般过去时表示过去某时发生的动作或单纯叙述过去的事情，强调动作； 现在完成时与一般过去时的比较  1）一般过去时表示过去某时发生的动作或单纯叙述过去的事情，强调动作； 现在完成时为过去发生的，强调过去的事情对现在的影响，强调的是影响。 I saw this film yesterday. （强调看的动作发生过了。） I have seen this film. （强调对现在的影响，电影的内容已经知道了。）

2）一般过去时 常与具体的表示过去的时间状语连用; 现在完成时通常与模糊的时间状语连用，或无时间状语。 一般过去时的时间状语: yesterday, last week，…ago, in1990, in October, just now, … -- 具体的时间状语 现在完成时的时间状语: already, ever, for, just, never, since, yet, so far, till/until, up to now, in the past few years, recently, … --模糊的时间状语

3）现在完成时可表示持续到现在的动作或状态，动词一般是延续性的，如live, teach, learn, work, study, know 3）现在完成时可表示持续到现在的动作或状态，动词一般是延续性的，如live, teach, learn, work, study, know. 　 一般过去时常用的非持续性动词有come, go, leave, start, die, finish, become等。 She joined the League three years ago. (加入的动作不是延续的) 　 She has been in the League for three years (since three years ago). (在团内的状态可延续) 　 She has been a League member for three years (since three years ago). 　　(是团员的状态可持续)

比较延续动词与瞬间动词  延续动词表示经验、经历； 瞬间动词表示行为的结 果，不能与表示一段时间的状语连用。 He has finished the work.　　他已完成了那项工作。 (表结果) I’ve known him since then.　　 我从那时起就认识他了。(表经历)

比较since和for since 用来说明动作起始时间— “自从……” for用来说明动作延续时间长度— “长达……” I have lived here for more than twenty years. I have lived here since I was born. My aunt has worked in a company since 1949. I have not heard from my uncle for a long time.

比较since和for 注意：并非有for 作为时间状语的句子都用现在完成时 　　 I worked here for more than twenty years. 　　　(我现在已不在这里工作。) 　　 I have worked here for many years.　　　 　　　(现在我仍在这里工作。)

比较 have/has been to have/has gone to He has gone to Shanghai. 他(已经)去上海了。 He has been to Shanghai. 他(曾经) 去过上海。

辨析这些句子由时态导致的含义上的差别 He went to Shanghai last week. 上周他[做了一件事:那就是]去了上海 He has been to Shanghai. 他(曾经)到/去过上海 [在他人生中曾经有过这样的经历,但他人现在肯定不是在上海而是回来了] He has gone to Shanghai. 他已经去上海了 [也许刚动身出发,也许已经到了,也许还在路上,反正他人不在这里]

辨析这些句子由时态导致的含义上的差别 He has been in Shanghai for 10 years. 他呆在上海迄今为止已经10年了 [现在还在上海没有离开呢] He lived in Shanghai for 10 years. 以前他在上海住过10年 [现在不在上海了]

1)   He ___________ (wait) for an hour. 2)   I ________________ (not finish) the work yet. 3)   ___________ you ___________ (know) him since then? 4)  I ___________ (hear) from my brother recently. 5)   We ___________ (be) there many times in the past 3 years. 6)   How long ________ you__________ (stay) at home already? has waited haven’t finished Have known have heard have been have stayed

7) He ___________ (not read) the book before. 8)    Her sister _________ (go) to Changchun. She______ (leave) this morning. 9)    He ___________ (live) in his hometown since he left here. 10)   The writer ______________ (finish) several story-books since 1990. hasn’t read has gone left has lived has finished

11.Have you done your homework ______? (for, just, yet) 12.I have _______ been to Chengdu. (ever, never, yet) 13.He has _______ washed the dishes. (already, ever, for) 14.He has worked there _______ he left school. (already, just, since) 15.Have you cleaned your room _______? (for, just, yet) yet never already since yet

16.She has known Sam _______ nine years. (for, never, since) 17.Have you ______ ridden a horse? (ever, for, yet) 18.They have ______ arrived. (ever, just, yet) 19.We have not completed the project _______. (already, for, yet) for ever just yet

He died 10 years ago. --- He ____ ____ ____ for 10 years / since 10 years ago. 2. He borrowed the book 2 weeks ago. --- He ____ ____ the book for 2 weeks. 3. He bought the motorbike a month ago. ---He ____ ____ the motorbike for a month. 4. He arrived here three days ago. --- He ____ ____ here since three days ago. 5. They turned off the light 2 hours ago. --- The light ____ ____ ____ for 2 hours. 6. He left here 2 years ago. --- He ____ ____ ____ from here for 2 years. 7. The film began 30 minutes ago. --- The film ____ ____ ____ for 30 minutes. 8. They opened the door an hour ago. --- The door ____ ____ ____ for an hour. 9. They closed the door an hour ago. 10. He joined the army last year. --- He ____ ____ a ____ for a year. --- He ____ ____ ____ the army for a year. --- It ____ a year ____ he joined the army. 延续性动词和瞬间性动词之间的转化

延续性动词和瞬间性动词之间的转化 (keys) He died 10 years ago. --- He has been dead for 10 years / since 10 years ago. 2. He borrowed the book 2 weeks ago. --- He has kept the book for 2 weeks. 3. He bought the motorbike a month ago. ---He has had the motorbike for a month. 4. He arrived here three days ago. --- He has been here since three days ago. 5. They turned off the light 2 hours ago. --- The light has been on for 2 hours. 6. He left here 2 years ago. --- He has been away from here for 2 years. 7. The film began 30 minutes ago. --- The film has been on for 30 minutes. 8. They opened the door an hour ago. --- The door has been open for an hour. 9. They closed the door an hour ago. --- The door has been closed for an hour. 10. He joined the army last year. --- He has been a soldier for a year. --- He has been in the army for a year. --- It is a year since he joined the army. 延续性动词和瞬间性动词之间的转化 (keys)