State Key Laboratory for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces Chemistry English Lecture 12 科技英语论文写作 State Key Laboratory for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces 厦门大学固体表面物理化学国家重点实验室

Plagiarism(剽窃) To plagiarize is to give the impression that something you have written is your own when it was in fact taken from someone else’s work. Plagiarism may take the form of : repeating another’s sentences as your own adopting a particularly good phrase as your own paraphrasing someone else’s argument. Presenting someone else’s form of organization as your own. In the West, plagiarism is considered a serious academic crime and may lead to expulsion from the university!

How to avoid Plagiarism? Follow these guidelines and you’ll never be accused of plagiarism. Use your own words and sentence structures. When putting someone else’s idea in your own words avoid using any words from the original. If you use any original words, use a quotation. Acknowledge all ideas taken from other writers, except commonly held knowledge in the field. It is plagiarism to use some original words or phrases from a sentence while changing others. It is also plagiarism to keep the sentence structure and change all the words to synonyms.

Reference Books 《英语写作指导》，乔治•波特温著,上海外语教育出版社 《科技英语写作教程》，秦荻辉编著，西安电子科技大学出版社 《实用英语写作新捷径》，叶云屏等编著，国防工业出版社

Chapter 20 科技英语论文写作 20.1 Introduction 英语写作大致涉及两方面: 第一为语言基础, 即词法句法的正确使用, 要写出语法上正确的句子(Correct Sentences), 以保证读者能看明白, 避免Chinese English(Chinglish); 第二要努力写出地道的句子(standard sentences), 即合理地使用专业中的词汇及固定的或特定的用法.

20.2学术论文语言基本特征 准确: 指词汇、句法结构、拼写、标点等语言要素的正确运用。 确切：在语言和内容上都必须准确切实,恰如其分地反映客观事物的真实面目。 简洁：语言干净利落、凝练精悍，避免拗口的长句和冗长繁杂的修饰语。

完整：内容和结构上要求完整、全面而具体，正确处理完整和简洁的关系。 清楚：文章要力求清楚易懂，针对不同的读者群来决定文章中专业术语的使用比重。 客观性：科学论文的语句中，应尽可能以研究客体作为主语，以求体现客观性。因此，在描述研究过程时，当动作主体为研究者本人时，仍常常使用被动语态。

20.3 paragraph(段落) Construction of a paragraph Usually a paragraph includes a topic sentence (主题句), one or several supporting sentences (论证句) and, sometimes, a concluding sentence (结论句).

Three Qualities of a Paragraph： Unity(一致性): An Paragraph follows a straight line of development; it states a single thought. All material not directly related to the rest of the paragraph should be left out. Continuity(连贯性): All sentences within a paragraph should be arranged logically and smoothly. An outline (提纲)will help you organize your ideas so that all important ideas are included and in logical order, and help you write more quickly. Transition Signals(转折词) are words to guide the reader and make it easy to follow the ideas. They also help the paragraph flow more smoothly.

Classes of Transition Signals Example(举例): for example, for instance, as an illustration, to illustrate, namely, that is, for one thing. Addition(增补): in addition, furthermore, moreover, and, also, or, too, besides, again, what’s more, likewise. Emphasis(强调): in fact, as a matter of fact, in other words, of course, certainly, above all, indeed, clearly, surely, in particular, obviously, naturally, anyway, in this case.

Classes of Transition Signals Contrast(对照): while, whereas, in contrast, on the other hand, instead, on the contrary, inspite of, despite, but, however, although, still, yet, nevertheless, conversely, otherwise. Comparison(比较): similarly, in the same way, even though, at the same time, not only…but also, likewise, meanwhile. Concession(让步): although, after all, it is true(that). Conclusion(结论): in conclusion, to conclude, to sum up, to summarize, in summary, in all, in short, in brief, in a word.

Classes of Transition Signals Cause(原因): for this reason, because of this, because, since, as, for, due to, owing to, thanks to. Consequence(结果): thus, hence, therefore, accordingly, consequently, so, in this way, as a result. Order(次序): first, second, first of all, to begin with, at first, finally, eventually, in the end, immediately, soon, in front of, next to, opposite to, in the middle of, afterward, then.

20.4 Structure of Research Papers Generally the parts of a research paper are as follows: Introduction(引言) Body (正文) Conclusion/Concluding Remarks (结束语) If needed, illustrations (图示), tables(表格), appendix(附录), list of references(参考文献) and acknowledgment(致谢) may appear in a research paper.

The Introduction An introduction serves four purposes: to give a general background of the topic to arouse the reader’s interest to focus on the topic or problem of the essay to indicate the overall plan of the essay This is accomplished by an introductory statement and a thesis statement. The introduction may be as short as one paragraph or as long as a chapter.

The Introductory Statement It generally begins with a very general comment of the subject and gradually becomes more specific, thus leading to the thesis statement. Statistics, quotations, examples and questions are often used in this section to give background information and attract the reader’s attention.

The Thesis Statement The thesis statement is a complete sentence used to identify the topic and/or to express an opinion or an idea. The last sentence in the following example is the thesis statement.

The Body of the Paper General The body of a research paper will be the longest part. It will consist of many paragraphs that develop and support the thesis statement. The text is not always written in the order it will appear. For example, many writers prefer to write the introduction last so as to be free to make changes in the body. Because many students find it most difficult to begin writing the paper, it may be best to start with a section that is easily written.

Transition When the separate sections of a paper have been written, transitions will be necessary to make the text flow smoothly. Between paragraphs, transitional sentences will be placed either at the end of the first or at the beginning of the next paragraph. Between sentences, transition words, repeated key words and other reference words will be used to create cohesion.

Quotations(引语) Providing reference citations and a bibliography allows the reader to: find the documents you have used, know that these ideas are not your own. Generally accepted facts need no reference. For example, you can state that Einstein developed the Theory of Relativity without quoting your source. But if you use a certain aspect of the theory to support your thesis, the source needs to be identified.

The Conclusions In a long paper, this may consist of an entire chapter; in a shorter one, it will be one or two paragraphs long. The conclusion will include: a summary of the main points and/or a restatement of the thesis and final comments on the subject, possibly including suggestions for further research.

Assignment 2 Write a recipe regarding the cooking process of one of your favorite dishes. A typical online for a recipe can be 1) general introduction. 2) Detailed process.