Meteorology: study of the atmosphere and its phenomena Weather: the condition of the atmosphere at any particular time and place Climate: the average weather of a particular region 一地以年為週期的天氣變化狀況 一地最常見、最多見的大氣狀況 The scale of climate: Macro-climate(global climate, synoptic climate, zone of climate) Meso climate(regional climate, local climate) Micro-climate
Balance of nitrogen (P.3,2,2-8) Output:biological processes of soil bacteria & ocean-dwelling plankton convert it into nutrients Input:decaying of plant and anima matter
Fig. 1-3, p. 5 Figure 1.3 The earth’s atmosphere is a rich mixture of many gases, with clouds of condensed water vapor and ice crystals. Here, water evaporates from the ocean’s surface. Rising air currents then transform the invisible water vapor into many billions of tiny liquid droplets that appear as puffy cumulus clouds. If the rising air in the cloud should extend to greater heights, where air temperatures are quite low, some of the liquid droplets would freeze into minute ice crystals.
CFCs在平流層受強烈紫外線照射而分解產生氯，氯會與臭氧反應，生成氧化氯自由基(ClO)：Cl+O3→ClO+O2 帶有自由基的ClO非常活潑，若與同樣活潑的氧原子反應，便生成氯和較安定的氧分子： ClO+O→Cl+O2 而這個被釋出的氯，又可以再與臭氧反應，因此氯一方面能夠不斷消耗臭氧，另一方面卻又能在反應中再生。 Figure 1.6 The darkest color represents the area of lowest ozone concentration, or ozone hole, on September 22, 2004. Notice that the hole is larger than the continent of Antarctica. Fig. 1-6, p. 7