第九單元：The Nature and Scope of Self-knowledge(2) 自我知識的本質與範圍(2) 梁益堉 教授 2012.4.30 【本著作除另有註明外，採取創用CC「姓名標示－非商業性－相同方式分享」台灣3.0版授權釋出】 本課程指定教材為Brie Gertler (2011). Self-knowledge. London ; New York : Routledge。 本講義僅引用部分內容，請讀者自行準備。 本作品轉載自Microsoft Office 2007多媒體藝廊，依據Microsoft服務合約及著作權法第46、52、65條合理使用。

Self-knowledge as special in a nonepistemic way Only subjects themselves can shape self-attributed attitudes. Rational thinkers: self-constitution, forming beliefs by considering evidence, forming intentions by weighing reasons bearing on what we should do… 向外尋找證據、理由來支持信念而非向內反省。 This method is uniquely first-personal Ex: Third war Evidence 是Exteranl to our mind

Limits to the domain of privileged access The issue of privileged epistemic access: (1)whether self-knowledge is especially secure (2)whether we have a special first-personal method for grasping our mental states. Against privileged access. Ex: Medina: What is so special about self-knowledge? My answer to this question will be “Nothing.” (p.70) Gertler’s defense: we do not have privileged access to any mental states—my point here is only that these empirical studies and philosophical arguments do not warrant a wholesale denial of privileged access. (p.70-71) 以上著作轉載自Brie Gertler (2011). Self-knowledge. London ; New York : Routledge，頁70-71，依據著作權法第46、52、65條合理使用。

Character traits, affective forecasting, and causal sources of actions and attitudes The domain of privileged access is very narrow. (1) we don’t seem to have privileged access to our character traits: whether we are funny, or snobbish, or loyal. Gertler’s Defense: character traits或許並沒 有privileged access， intention就有。 Flickr，作者：Zeptonn。

Character traits, affective forecasting, and causal sources of actions and attitudes (2) affective forecasting: 對affective forecasting 常常是錯的。 Ex:中樂透。 Gertler’s Defense: we may enjoy privileged access to our expectations. 預期可能會錯，但是當下目前的expectation有PA，雖然後來預期可能 不一樣。 區分： 預期有PA / 傾向沒有PA 區分：affective forecasting/ expectation？ Expectation本身是introspectable， Ex: position effect (Subjects misidentify the factors that influence their preferences.)

Character traits, affective forecasting, and causal sources of actions and attitudes Benjamin Libet (1985) provides neurological evidence which he takes to suggest that the causes of actions, including choices, are often unconscious.(p.72) Hume: Causal relations between events—e.g. one’s thinking about cereal and one’s rising from the couch—cannot be directly observed.(p.74) 以上著作轉載自Brie Gertler (2011). Self-knowledge. London ; New York : Routledge，頁72&74，依據著作權法第46、52、65條合理使用。

Character traits, affective forecasting, and causal sources of actions and attitudes 如果一個人必須憑藉理論化 才能掌握自己的心智狀態， 這樣自己就沒有privileged access。 Ex: confabulation by split- brain patients Gertler’s Defense: But to show that we lack privileged access to such matters is to attack a straw man. Flickr，作者：Daquella manera。

Moods and emotions 對自己的moods和emotions有privileged access嗎？ Schwitzgebel: 對目前當下的情緒感受，ex: angry， 不是infallible。 Gertler’s Defense 1: Schwitzgebel may grasp his current phenomenology without recognizing it as one of the types of phenomenology associated with anger. 當下主觀感受不會錯，有PA，但recognition as some type of emotion會錯 。

Moods and emotions Gertler’s Defense 2: The fact that we are sometimes mistaken about phenomenology implies only that we are not infallible in our phenomenological judgments.(p.77) This is compatible with a fairly robust conception of our privileged access: that we have a special method for grasping our phenomenology, and this method enables our self-attributions to achieve an especially high degree of certainty.(p.77) What do you think? 以上著作轉載自Brie Gertler (2011). Self-knowledge. London ; New York : Routledge，頁77，依據著作權法第46、52、65條合理使用。

版權聲明 頁碼 作品 授權條件 作者/來源 1-10 本作品轉載自Microsoft Office 2007多媒體藝廊，依據Microsoft服務合約及著作權法第46、52、65條合理使用。 3 What is… privileged access. 本著作轉載自Brie Gertler (2011). Self-knowledge. London ; New York : Routledge，70,71頁，依據著作權法第46、52、65條合理使用。 4 Flickr，作者：Zeptonn。 本作品轉載自http://www.flickr.com/photos/zeptonn/3819509069/sizes/m/in/photostream/，瀏覽日期2012/5/5。本作品採取創用CC姓名標示-非商業性-禁止改作 2.0 通用版授權釋出。 6 provides neurological , …directly observed. 本著作轉載自Brie Gertler (2011). Self-knowledge. London ; New York : Routledge，72,74頁，依據著作權法第46、52、65條合理使用。 7 Flickr，作者：Daquella manera。 本作品轉載自http://www.flickr.com/photos/daquellamanera/5939573643/sizes/m/in/photostream/，瀏覽日期2012/5/5。本作品採取創用CC姓名標示 2.0 通用版授權釋出。 9 The fact that, … high degree of certainty. 本著作轉載自Brie Gertler (2011). Self-knowledge. London ; New York : Routledge，77頁，依據著作權法第46、52、65條合理使用。