Kun (Kun Below Kun Above) 《周易》上經第二 坤卦 坤上坤下 坤為地 Kun (Kun Below Kun Above)
釋卦名之一 《說文》:「坤,地也,《易》之卦也。从土,从申。土位在申。」 土就是地,西周前期常有「下土」一詞,見於金文,到了東周末年以後,才改稱「下地」,如《尚書.金滕篇》所用,後代土與地兩字連用,土即是地,土地可以長養萬物,所以《說文》用聲訓釋土字:「土,地之吐生萬物者也」。 「申」字本作 ,近於坤經卦卦體 ,是 的分陷。古時天地初分,洪濛未辨,天本太虛,起初地陷於水中,地為水所象,後水漸落,土漸露,字亦加土塊,後人稱地為「大塊」,即如古人稱坤之義。此外申有地氣上升的意思,以應乎天行,因天道下接,地之道上申,故坤字從申。
釋卦名之二 為何不言地而言坤?因地之載物美惡不拒,十分柔順,而坤、順兩字古代雙聲,可以通假,《說卦》即曰「坤,順也」,言坤不言地之理,同於言乾不言天,在氣曰陰陽、在卦稱乾坤、在數為奇偶、在方曰上下,涵意多方,才不至於拘泥。
卦辭 Judgment 元、亨、利牝馬之貞。君子有攸往,先迷而後得主,利。西南得朋,東北喪朋。安貞,吉。 Kun consists of fundamentality, and prevalence, and its fitness is that of the constancy of the mare. Should the noble man set out to do something, if he were to take the lead, he would go astray, but if he were to follow, he would find a master. It is fitting to find friends in the southwest and to spurn friends in the northeast. To practice constancy with serenity means good fortune.
彖辭 Commentary On The Judgments 彖曰:至哉坤元!萬物資生,乃順承天,坤厚載物,德合無疆。含弘光大,品物咸亨,牝馬地類,行地無疆。地之所以得“無疆”者,以卑順行之故也。乾以龍禦天,坤以馬行地。 How great is the fundamental nature of Kun! The myriad things are provided their births by it, and in so doing it compliantly carries out Heaven’s will. It is the generosity of Kun that lets it carry everything, the integrative force of its virtue that accounts for its limitlessness, and its vast power to accommodate that makes it glorious and great – so that things in all their different categories can prevail as they should. The mare is a metaphor for the Earth, for it travels the Earth without limit.
釋彖辭 Commentary On The Judgments 坤卦卦體為六個 所組成,為純陰之象。地本是至陰,無陽不能生成萬物,之所以能生成萬物,是因順天之陽氣,依陽氣進退而生。故地本不元亨,因陽氣進退而利貞。 「牝」為陰柔至順之總稱,相較於乾之卦辭「元亨利貞」,坤卦卦辭曰「利牝馬之貞」即言坤道順天而行。 乾道「統天」、坤道「順承天」,一統一順、一前一後、一剛一柔、一退一進,方能「品物咸亨」故曰「乾以龍禦天,坤以馬行地」。
象辭 Commentary On The Image 《象》曰:地勢坤。君子以厚德載物 英文待補
釋象辭 Commentary On The Image 坤卦卦體以上下經卦坤相疊而成,上坤地、下坤地,是地勢隨高就低,坤順和柔之貌。 「厚德」即順德,即內虛外實之德,唯有順才能虛,唯有厚才能實。內虛就是虛心,虛心就能容物;外實就是實行,實行則能應物容物,即是能載物。萬物無窮,載之亦要無窮,如地能承受山嶽之重、河海之決、草木之傷,君子之厚德應效法地之載物如此寬大。
爻辭-初六 First Yang 履霜,堅冰至。 The frost one treads on reaches its ultimate stage as solid ice.
小象-初六 First Yang Commentary On The Image 《象》曰:履霜堅冰,陰始凝也。馴致其道,至堅冰也。 英文待補
釋爻辭-初六 First Yang 初六居於全卦之初,陰居陽位。 初六是純陰坤卦最下方的陰爻,「履霜堅冰」指陰氣凝結成霜,不久寒冬降臨,結成堅冰。 以十二辟卦論,坤卦為陰曆十月,九月建戌,包含寒露、霜降兩個節氣,到了十月就是立冬、小雪兩個節氣。修道君子取節氣順行的實際現象,可知在順之始,是在可真可假之際,心念稍有不正,必有一陰生而群陰畢集,而有履霜堅冰之象徵,所以要慎於始,故《文言》曰:「積善之家,必有餘慶;積不善之家,必有餘殃。臣弒其君,子弒其父,非一朝一夕之故,其所由來者漸矣,由辯之不早辯也。《易》曰:『履霜,堅冰至。』蓋言順也」。
爻辭-六二 Second Yang 直方大,不習無不利 He is straight [zhi], square [fang], and great [da], so without working at it, nothing he does here fitting.
小象-六二 Second Yang Commentary On The Image 象曰:六二之動,直以方也。動而直方,任其質也。不習無不利,地道光也。 Actions associated with Second Yin are straight and thus square. Without out working at it, nothing he does here fails to be fitting.”: here is the glory of the Dao of Earth.
釋爻辭-六二 Second Yang 六二居於下卦之中,陰居陰位,為本卦主爻。 六二以陰爻居於陰位,又居中位,柔順中正,得中則心直能謹慎,得正則對外行事而有制裁。故曰「動而直方」。 直本是陽動之象,方才為地之象,然陽動而陰應順之,所以直,《文言》即曰「坤至柔而動也剛,至靜而德方,後得主而有常,含萬物而化光。 」陰不因順便不直、不剛,六二順從乾,先效其直,立定腳根,終與天同大,因直而成其方,因方而成其大。因為六二是坤卦主爻,故於此爻論坤陰大用。
爻辭-六三 Third Ying 含章可貞,或從王事,無成有終。 One who effaces his own prominent qualities here will be able to practice constancy. He might attend to his sovereign’s business, and if he were to make no claim for its success, he should bring about a successful conclusion.
小象-六三 Third Ying Commentary On The Image 象曰:含章可貞,以時發也。或從王事,知光大也。 “One who effects his own prominent qualities here will here will be able to practice constancy” : this means that he starts to act when the moment is opportune. “He might attend to his sovereign’s business”: his wisdom is glorious and great. Here is someone whose “wisdom is glorious and great,” so he does not take the credit for things.
釋爻辭-六三 Third Ying 六三居於下卦之上、上卦之下,陰居陽位。 六三居於下卦最上位,該位又為陽位,故有變陽的現象;而又居於上卦之下,並非六爻的終極,又不當變。是故曰「含章可貞」,意指六三有章美之德,而內藏不顯於外,固守坤道柔順,以從陽為能事,不輕易變更,故曰「或從王事」,於其位貞正自守,行所當行不妄動,則從事必能有終,故曰「無成有終」。
爻辭-六四 Forth Yang 括囊,無咎無譽。 Tie up the bag, so there will be no blame, no praise.
小象-六四 Forth Yang Commentary On The Image 《象》曰:“括囊無咎”,慎不害也。 “Tie up the bag, so there will be no blame”: of one exercises caution, he will suffer no harm.
釋爻辭-六四 Forth Yang 六四居於上卦最下,陰居陰位,相應於初爻。 「括」是結的意思,六四居於外卦最下,相應於初爻亦有履霜冰至,須戒慎恐懼之象,又陰居陰位,得位但不得中,過於陰柔,應該收斂才不會發生過錯,故曰「慎不害也」。 月屬至陰,六四又正如陰曆每月十六以後,月亮開始虧缺,如一個收束囊口的袋子一般,說明光明興盛開始衰退。
爻辭-六五 Fifth Yang 黃裳元吉。 A yellow lower garment means fundamental good fortune.
小象-六五 Fifth Yang Commentary On The Image 《象》曰:“黃裳元吉”,文在中也。 The noble mean, garbed in yellow and maintaining the Mean, thoroughly grasps the principles of things. The correct position for him is this place in the trigram. Excellence abides within him, emanating through his four limbs and expressed in his deeds – the very acme of excellence.
釋爻辭-六五 Fifth Yang 六五居上卦中位,陰居陽位。 「黃裳」在古代是命士以上身份的人,穿黑色禮服時的裡衣,下士則只能穿雜色裡衣。黃是土色,即是大地之色。古代配色以金為白、木為青、水為黑、火為赤、土為黃,配上方位依序為西、東、北、南、中。六五在上卦中位,所以用黃色表徵 「裳」是裝飾在內裡的下衣,六五又以陰居陽位,故以「裳」喻謙退之意。 六五柔順虛中,德足服人,不言而信,不教而化,如黃裳著體,闇然成章,美德在內,自著於外,故為順之道,元吉也。
爻辭-上六 Top Ying 龍戰于野,其血玄黃。 Dragons fight in the fields, their blood black and yellow.
小象-上六 Top Ying Commentary On The Image 《象》曰:龍戰於野,其道窮也。 “Dragibs fight in the fields”: the Dao of Kun has reached its limits.
釋爻辭-上六 Top Yang 上六居全卦之末,又陰居陰位。 「玄」,黑色;「黃」,赤色。上六居純陰坤卦最上位,又陰居陰位,是陰盛至極,而居於最上位,又有開始轉陽的跡象,故一反柔順以從陽的本性,而與乾陽相抗爭,故曰「龍戰」。 此不言陰陽相戰而言「龍戰」,是聲言陽來征陰,上六自尊自大,以柔為剛,不能服順於人,征戰的結果,傷人傷己,故曰「其血玄黃」。上六已是極數,故曰「其道窮也」,盛極抗爭,又進而不已,天玄地黃,天地相爭,其血玄黃,兩敗俱傷。
用六 利永貞。 《象》曰:用六永貞,以大中也。 用六指占到坤卦時,如果六爻皆為老陰的斷語,其精神一如乾之用九。指善於運用坤卦六爻的變化,而不為變化所拘,就是運用順道慎始之意,方能利於貞正,故曰「利永貞」
六爻逐釋 初六:此順道需謹於始 六二:此柔順中正,自能大其業 六三:此順於人,不失於己,能全始全終 六四:此內外一空,故無咎而亦無譽 六五:此美德在內,自著於外,為順道之吉 上六:自尊自大,以柔為剛,不能順人,欲 人順己,不得不戰
六爻時位變化吉凶 用順之道,在初爻時應防微杜漸,不使惡念萌生。六二應中正光明,依理而行,發揚光大,必能有成。六三要達到含章可貞之境界,需功成名遂時身退,不自主,不自先。六四需謹慎嚴密,預防禍害,避免過錯,顯仁藏智,深藏不露,以養大德。六五中正和平,上和下順,美德在內,自著於外,成己化人。上六則陰陽相爭,破壞損傷,已至極點,必生變化。所以用順之道,需慎之於始,永于貞,方不至於敗於終。
易學萬花筒-坤卦的應用 婚姻:不宜速,遲則能成。 願望:多苦勞,急則難成,又有有始無終之意,故暫時要 待時機來臨。 買賣:吉,有成就之兆。 訴訟:是土地之爭,宜合解,有始無終之意,連 累很多,遂生傷害,自己亦不得勝。 運氣:當得此卦之人,地之厚重載萬物,承乾天之施,萬 物化成,坤道柔順,不逆於人,處事順從,宜勞己 以助人,雖有事迷懵,必去危念之疑,必貞正行所 當行。故剛慢狂愎之人是大凶,或會被人誹謗受厭 惡,或起其它動念之心,或別有事業興起之志,止 之為宜,勉強為之必破敗。