Unit 4 Problems and advice Grammar

目录 Review 1 While-Learning 2 Post-Learning 3 Review 4

Part I Review

Show time Share your replies to the four students with your classmates.

Part II While-Learning

Sentence elements: subjects, verbs, objects, complements and adverbials 句子成分：主语，谓语，宾语，补语，状语。 I smile. (S+V) The braces hurt my teeth. (S+V+O) I feel embarrassed. (S+V+C) She is driving me mad. (S+V+O+C) I saw a sick lady two days ago. (S+V+O+A) I am studying at home. (S+V+A)

1 Sentences in English usually have a subject (S) and a verb (V). 1 英语句子通常有一个主语（S）和一个谓语（V）。 主语表示做出动作的人或物。 谓语表示动作。

2 Some sentences also have an object (O). 2 有些句子含有宾语。 宾语表示承受 动作的人或物。

Direct object and indirect object 直接宾语和间接宾语 3 Sentences with verbs such as give, bring, buy and send can have a direct object (DO) and an indirect object (IO). 3 句子的谓语动词是give, bring, buy, send时，后面可接两个宾语。直接宾语（DO）和间接宾语（IO）。 The man bought the woman (IO) a ring (DO). → The man bought a ring for the woman. The mother gave her daughter (IO) a birthday present (DO). → The mother gave a birthday present to her daughter.

间接宾语表示动作是对谁或为谁做的，一般是人。 直接宾语是谓语动词的承受者，一般是物

The braces have brought so much trouble to me. S V DO IO Things to remember When the indirect object comes after the direct object, to or for is used. The braces have brought so much trouble to me. S V DO IO 当间接宾语位于直接宾语后时，需要加上to或for。 下列动词后用to：bring，feed，give，hand，lend，offer，pass，pay，post，sell，send，show，take，teach，tell，write。 下列动词后用for：book，buy，choose，cook，fetch，leave，make，order，pick，reserve，save。

4 Some sentences have a linking verb followed by a complement (C). 连系动词 主语补足语 （补充说明主语）

Some sentences have an object followed by a complement (C). 宾语补足语 （补充说明宾语）

Things to remember Verbs such as find, keep and make often use the above pattern. I try to keep the room tidy. She makes me angry. find, keep和make常常使用S + V + C（主语+连系动词+主语补足语），或S + V + O + C（主语+谓语+宾语+宾语补足语）这两种形式。

5 Some sentences have an adverbial (A). 状语表示时间，地点等。

We’re having a great time. The weather is fine. I. Think and tell which sentence element the underlined part is. We’re having a great time. The weather is fine. We really enjoy camping. It’s great fun. We saw many sheep on the farm. We like this place. Let’s make the world more beautiful. O S V C A

a S + V b S + V + O c S + V + O + C d S + V + A II. Read the sentences and match them with the sentence structures. a S + V b S + V + O c S + V + O + C d S + V + A That job drove me crazy. I agree. She will come at 10 p.m. I had some meat. c a d b

1. Prince Charles opened a new sports centre in Stoke yesterday. III. Read the sentences and underline the two adverbials in each sentence. 1. Prince Charles opened a new sports centre in Stoke yesterday. 2. He also spoke with several young people. 3. The sports centre was first planned in 1994. 4. Naturally, the local council could not finance the project without help. 5. Luckily, they managed to get money from the National Lottery.

Give these papers ______ my secretary. IV. Fill in the correct prepositions. Give these papers ______ my secretary. Could you make some coffee ______ me? Book a flight ______ me, will you? Can you post this cheque ______ the hotel? Don’t show these plans ______ anyone. Leave a message ______ my secretary. Fetch the file ______ me, will you? Write a memo ______ all the managers. to for for to to for for to

Mike: Why is everyone laughing? (a funny story/us) V. Fill in the blanks. Mike: Why is everyone laughing? (a funny story/us) Vicky: Daniel told _______________________. Alex: There’s some fish left over. (it/the cat) Laura: I’ll feed ___________. Mark: What are you doing with those bottles? (them/the hotel) Sarah: I’m taking _______________. us a funny story/ a funny story to us it to the cat them to the hotel

Jim: How are things with you, Daniel? (a job/me) Daniel: Fine. Someone has offered __________. David: What did you do with those papers you found? (them/the police) Tom: Oh, I handed _______________. Emma: Look! It’s pouring with rain. (my umbrella/you) Rachel: It’s OK. I’ll lend __________________. me a job/ a job to me them to the police you my umbrella/ my umbrella to you.

Grammar exercise ① Tom is a junior high school student. Look at the pictures below. Complete the sentences with the words in brackets. Add other words if necessary. ① Tom is a junior high school student. (Tom, junior high school student, be) He __________________________________. (best friends, visit, every weekend) One of them is a boy called Alex. visits his best friends every weekend

② Last weekend,_________________________ _____________________________________. (Alex, some new books, showed, Tom, in his flat) Suddenly Alex knocked a flowerpot out of his window by accident. This ___________________. (them, made, worried) Alex showed some new books to Tom in his flat made them worried

③ Luckily, no one was hurt by the flowerpot. Then______________________________. (for, went out, an hour, Alex and Tom) Alex and Tom went out for an hour

④Alex and Tom ______________________________________. (later that afternoon, returned) They saw a policeman questioning a boy about the broken flowerpot. They ____________________(very bad, felt), but they did not know what to do. returned later that afternoon felt very bad

Part III Post-Learning

Summary 句子成分详解 主语 (Subject) 表示句子说的是什么人或什么事。是一个 句子所叙述的主体，一般位于句首。但在 there be结构、疑问句（当主语不是疑问词 时）和倒装句中，主语位于谓语、助动词 或情态动词后面。主语可由名词、代词、 数词、不定式、动词ing、名词化的形容词 和主语从句等表示。

1. During the 1990s, American country music has become more and more popular. 2. We often speak English in class. 3. One-third of the students in this class are girls. 4. To swim in the river is a great pleasure. （名词） （代词） （数词） （不定式）

（it作形式主语，真正的主语为后面的不定式） 5. Smoking does harm to the health. 6. The rich should help the poor. 7. When we are going to have an English test has not been decided. 8. It is necessary to master a foreign language. （动词ing） （名词化的形容词） （主语从句） （it作形式主语，真正的主语为后面的不定式）

谓语 (Verbs) 说明主语所做的动作或具有的特征和状态。 动词在句中作谓语，一般放在主语之后。 谓语的构成如下： 1. 简单谓语：由一个动词或动词短语构成。 如： He practises running every morning. The plane took off at ten o’clock.

2、复合谓语： （1）由情态动词加动词原形构成。如： You may keep the book for two weeks. （2）由助动词加动词原形,动词ing,过去分词 构成。如： Do you speak English？ They are working in a field. He has caught a bad cold. （3）由系动词加表语构成。如： We are students. 注意：谓语与主语在人称与数方面要保持一致。

表语(Predicative) 用以说明主语的性质、特征、状态与身份， 它一般位于系动词（如be, become, get, look, grow, turn, seem等）之后。 表语一般由名词、代词、形容词、数词、 副 词、不定式、动词ing、分词、介词短语及表 语从句表示。

1. Our teacher of English is an American. （名词） 2. Is it yours? （代词） 3. The weather has turned cold. （形容词） 4. Three times seven is twenty one. （数词）

6. His job is to teach English. （不定式） 7. His hobby is playing football. （动词ing） 8. The meeting is of great importance. （介词短语） 9. Time is up. The class is over. （副词） 10. The truth is that he has never been abroad. （表语从句）

注意：系动词（Linking verb) 用于连接主语和表语， 说明主语的状态，性质，特征和身份等。 1. 状态系动词用来表示主语状态，只有be一词， 如：He is a teacher. 2. 持续系动词用来表示主语继续或保持一种状况或 态度，主要有keep, remain, stay, lie, stand, 如：He always kept silent at meeting.  3. 表像系动词用来表示“看起来像”这一概念，主要有seem, appear, look, 如：He seems (to be) very sad. 

注意：系动词（Linking verb)用于连接主语和表语，说明主语的状态，性质特征和身份等。 4. 感官系动词主要有feel, smell, sound, taste, 如： This kind of cloth feels very soft. 5. 变化系动词表示主语变成什么样，主要有become, grow, turn, fall, get, go, come, run，如： The river was beginning to run dry.    6. 终止系动词表示主语已终止动作，主要有prove, turn out, 表达"结果是;证明是 "之意，如： The rumor proved false. His plan turned out a success.  

宾语（Object）表示动作的对象或承受者，一般位 于及物动词和介词后面。如： 1. He is doing his homework. 2. The heavy rain prevented me from coming to school on time. 3. How many dictionaries do you have? I have five. （名词） （代词、动词ing） （名词、数词）

4. They helped the old with their housework yesterday. 5. He pretended not to see me. 6. I enjoy listening to popular music. 7. I think（that）he is fit for his office. （名词化形容词，名词） （不定式短语） （动名词短语） （宾语从句）

宾语补足语（Object Complement） 用于补充说明宾语的动作，一般位于宾语之 后，宾语与宾语补足语一起构成复合宾语。 需接复合宾语的动词有：tell，let，help， teach， ask，see，have，order，make等。 “宾补”一般可由名词、形容词、副词、不 定式、分词、介词短语和从句充当。

1. His father named him Xiaoming. 2. They painted their boat white. 3. Let the fresh air in. 4. You mustn’t force him to lend his money to you. 5. We saw her entering the room. 6. We found everything in the lab in good order. 7. We will soon make our city what your city is now. （名词） （形容词） （介词） （不定式短语） （现在分词） （介词短语） （从句）

状语（Adverbial） 修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子，说明动作或 状态特征的句子成分，叫做状语。 可由以下形式表示 ： 1. Light travels most quickly. 2. He has lived in the city for ten years. （副词及副词性词组） （介词短语）

3. He is proud to have passed the national college entrance examination. 4. He is in the room making a model plane. 5. Wait a minute. 6. Once you begin, you must continue. （不定式短语） （分词短语） （名词） （状语从句）

状语种类（九种） 1. How about meeting again at six? （时间状语） 2. Last night she didn’t go to the dance party because of the rain. 3. I shall go there if it doesn’t rain. 4. Mr Smith lives on the third floor. 5. She put the eggs into the basket with great care. （时间状语） （原因状语） （条件状语） （地点状语） （方式状语）

5. She came in with a dictionary in her hand. 6. In order to catch up with the others, I must work harder. 7. He was so tired that he fell asleep immediately. 8. She works very hard though she is old. 9. I am taller than he is. （伴随状语） （目的状语） （结果状语） （让步状语） （比较状语）

Part IV Review

Exercises 一、指出下列句子中的划线部分是什么句子成分： 1. The students got on the school bus. 2. He handed me the newspaper. 3. I shall answer your question after class. 4. What a beautiful Chinese painting! 5. They went hunting together early in the morning. S. Attribute O. V. Adverbial Attribute Adverbial

二、选择最佳答案填空 ( ) 1. ____ will leave for Beijing. A. Now there the man B. The man here now C. The man who is here now D. The man is here now ( ) 2. The weather ____. A. wet and cold B. is wet and cold C. not wet and cold D. were wet and cold ( ) 3. The apple tasted ____. A. sweets B. sweetly C. nicely D. sweet C B D

( ) 4. He got up ____ yesterday morning. A. lately B. late C. latest D. latter ( ) 5. The actor ______at the age of 70. A. dead B. died C. dyed D. dying ( ) 6. ____ were all very tired, but none of ____ would stop to take a rest. A. We, us B. Us, we C. We, our D. We, we B B A

( ) 7. He found the street much ______. A. crowd B. crowding C. crowded D. crowdedly ( ) 8.I think _____necessary to learn English well. A. its B. it C. that D. that is ( ) 9. The dog ____ mad. A. looks B. is looked C. is being looked D. was looked C B A

Thank you!