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College English Writing 《大学英语写作》 Lecture 1 How to Use Words
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How to Write Well 1. Read more and read well ( 多读善读 ) 读书破万卷, 下笔如有神 熟读唐诗三百首, 不会写诗也会吟 开卷有益 Reading is always profitable Some books to be tasted, others to be swallowed and some few to be chewed and digested… (有些 书可以一尝, 有些书可以吞下, 有不多的几部书 则应当咀嚼消化, ….. 对于少数好书, 则要精读、 细读、 反复地读。)
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阅读时要注意下面四点: 1 )语篇结构 2 )句法结构 3 )词汇惯用法和固定搭配 4 )英汉两种语言在表达方面的异同
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2. Practice more and write more (勤写多练) Writing is always profitable. 各种形式的写作实践:写英文日记 diary 、 书 信 letters 、 做汉译英练习 translation 、 写文 章摘要 abstracts 、 写读后感、 缩写短篇名著、 写各种命题作文 compositions 、 写观后感等 等。 多读胸中有本, 勤写笔下生花
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3. Learn and Master writing skills (掌握写作技巧) 一般的英语写作可分为两大阶段: 写前准备阶段 (prewriting) 写作和修改阶段 (Writing and rewriting)
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写作的过程 1 ) 审题: 审清写作的文体、 主题、 题目要求的 对象和范围、写作的侧重点等。 2 ) 拟写提纲:理清思路, 规划文章的框架结构, 勾画文章的轮廓; 主次分明,脉络清楚。 3 ) 提笔成文:开个好头、 自然行文、 准确表达、 句式多样、 自然结尾。 J. Austin: Pride and Prejudice It is a truth universally acknowledged that a single man in possession of a good fortune must be in want of a wife. (一个举世公认的真理 …. ) 4 ) 复读与修改:斟酌句式文法, 用词准确, 表达 完整;文稿格式, 标点符号的正确使用,大小写, 字体书法等。
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How to Use Words How to Use Words
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I. Word Formation: 1. Conversion( 转化 ): Nothing dries sooner than a tear. 什么也没 有眼泪干得快。 Only thus can we better the life of the people.
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2. Compounding( 合成 ): What they need is a down-to-earth spirit. She sent me a forget-me –never.
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3. Derivation( 派生 ): 词根 (Base) + 后缀 (Suffixes) : globe, global, globalize, globalization 词根 (Base) + 前缀 (Prefixes): like: dislike, unlike; write: pre-write, rewrite
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4. Clipping( 截短法 ) 或 Shortening( 缩短法) : 1) 截头: telephone—phone aeroplane—plane bicycle—cycle
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2) 去尾: advertisement—ad mathematics—maths examination—exam
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5. Blends( 混合词 ): news broadcast — newscast 新闻广播 television broadcast — telecast 电视播送
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6. Acronym( 首字母缩略词 ): WTO — World Trade Organization UNESCO; OPEC; NBA
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不及物动词汇 + 介词: depend on, rely on, insist on, concentrate on, focus on believe in, persist in, participate in, succeed in, specialize in account for 说明, compensate for 补偿, apologize for, pay for consist of, approve of, dream of, inform of, remind of escape from, suffer from, benefit from, refrain from 抑制, aim at, laugh at, stare at, gaze at object to, refer to, confess to 承认, react to,
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动词 + doing: abandon, admit, advocate 倡导, anticipate 期望,预料, appreciate 感激,欣赏, avoid, be busy doing, can’t face doing 不能面对, can’t help doing 不禁, can’t stand doing 不能 忍受, celebrate doing,
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2. 介词短语: because of, due to, for the sake of, in comparison with, in contrast with, according to ,等等。
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3. 连词短语: not only …but also…, neither…nor…, either …or…, no sooner…than…, 等等。
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IV. How to use words in writing 一、 选词要准确恰当: 1. 从文体上, 恰当使用正式文体用语和非正 式文体用语: children —kids man—fellow —guy
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Other examples statesman, politician be sorry, regret; apologize abolish, cease, suspend, discontinue, stop, pause, truce, halt bear, endure, tolerate, stand, put up with
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二、 措词汇要具体: 从语义上, 恰当使用一般词汇和具体词汇: 概括性的、笼统的、抽象模糊的词汇叫一般词汇; 详细的、 具体的、 生动鲜明的词叫具体词汇。 例如: professionals( 专业人员 ) 和 scientists, doctors, teachers, lawyers, journalists 等; scientists 和 physicists, chemists, biologists 等 He is a good man. : kind, honest, just, generous, sympathetic, warm-hearted, selfless, brave, honorable
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三、 用词汇要简洁: 言简意赅、字字珠玑 能用一个词表达的不用词组, 能用一个词或 一个短语表达的不有用从句。 Because of the fact that… because Become accustomed to be used to With the exception that… except In spite the fact that… although
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四、 用词要符合文化语言习惯: 1. 符合英语搭配习惯: make a living, make a decision, make a choice, make a plan, make one’s promise make a noise do me a favor, do one’s job acquire knowledge 获得知识 get a job 获得工作 achieve success 获得成功 gain reputation 获得声誉 attain one’s end 达到目的
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2. 符合英语文化习惯: He is eating lunch. ( 错 ) I am having my lunch. (对) Smoking is harmful to your body. ( 错 ) Smoking is harmful to your health. (对) I am doing homework. ( 错 ) I am doing my homework. (对)
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Conclusion 总之, 要写好作文,用词要做到: 选词要准确恰当,措词汇要具体,用词汇要 简洁,用词要符合文化语言习惯,用词要富 有艺术性,用词多样化。
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