第十讲 名词性从句.

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1 第十讲 名词性从句

2 主要考查： 宾语从句 表语从句 定语从句 状语从句

3 10.1 名词性从句的种类 名词性从句包括主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句、介词宾语从句、同位语从句、宾语补语从句、形容词补语从句

4 10.2 主语从句 1. that引导的主语从句 that引导的主语从句可以位于句首，而常见的形式是将作形式主语用的先行词 it 置于句首
如：

5 That he is still alive is sheer luck.
他仍然活着完全是运气。 That the dog was the first animal to be domesticated is generally agreed upon by authorities in the field. 狗是第一种被驯养的动物，这是该领域里的权威们一致同意的看法。

6 That the seas are being fished has been known for years.
译文：海洋正在被人们过度捕捞，许多年以来这已是尽人皆知的事情了。 That the plates are moving is not beyond dispute. 译文：地球板块是在漂移的，这一点毫无争议。

7 That such a conjunction of circumstances might occur again soon,especially considering shrinking US defense budgets and diminishing overseas base access, is problematical at best. 译文：至于在近期内能否再次出现这种各个情况巧合的局面，即使是最乐观的看法也是值得怀疑的，尤其是考虑到美国国防预算缩减和海外基地减少的情况。

8 这句话的语序不是常见的英文惯用语序。按照正常的英文思维的表达应该是It is problematical at best that…,即先表达态度，再展开叙事。而这句英文却符合汉语的思维方式，即先叙事后表态。所以，这句话可以按照原文的顺序翻译成汉语。但更常见的是it作形式主语置于句首，而将that主语从句放在句末。因此下面都是常见的主语从句句型（作文中常用的句型）：

9 It’s reported that…据报道……
一、It+be动词+that 从句 It’s reported that…据报道…… It’s believed that…据信…… It is generally thought that…人们普遍认为…… It should be noted that …应该注意…… It has been found that…现已发现…… It must be pointed out that …必须指出…… 同样可以这样用的动词还有：say,expect,know,estimate,forecast等。比如:

10 As a child —and as an adult as well—Bill Gates was untidy
As a child —and as an adult as well—Bill Gates was untidy. It has been said that in order to counteract this,Mary drew up weekly clothing plans for him. 译文：童年时期，以及即使长大成人后，比尔.盖茨也不修边幅。据说为了改掉他的这个毛病，玛丽为他制定了一周着装计划。

11 And it is imagined by many that the operations of the common mind can be by no means compared with these processes, and that they have to be acquired by a sort of special training. 译文：许多人以为，普通人的思维活动根本无法与科学家的思维过程相比，这些思维过程必须经过某种专门训练才能掌握。

12 人们普年认为，高智商的人有这样的一个特点：理解能力强、辨别力强、逻辑推理能力强，并且在解决问题的过程中善于利用文字或数字符号。
It is generally agreed that a person of high intelligence is one who can grasp ideas readily, make distinctions, reason logically, and make use of verbal and mathematical symbols in solving problems. 人们普年认为，高智商的人有这样的一个特点：理解能力强、辨别力强、逻辑推理能力强，并且在解决问题的过程中善于利用文字或数字符号。

13 二、It+be动词+形容词+that从句
It is clear that…显然…… It is possible that…很可能…… It is likely that…很可能…… It is natural that…很自然…… It is certain that…可以相信…… It is strange that…奇怪的是…… It is fortunate that…幸运的是…… It is necessary that…有必要……

14 Fortunately, the White House is starting to pay attention
Fortunately, the White House is starting to pay attention.But it’s obvious that a majority of the president’s advisers still don’t take global warming seriously. 幸好白宫已经开始注意到全球变暖问题。但是很显然，总统周围的大多数顾问仍然没有认真对待该问题。

15 Futhermore, it is obvious that the strength of a country’s economy is directly bound up with the efficiency of its agriculture and industry, and that this in turn rests upon the efforts of scientists and technologists of all kinds. 再者，很显然，一个国家的经济实力与其工农业生产效率密切相关，而效率的提高又有赖于各类科技人员的努力。

16 It is a pity that…可惜的是……
三、It+be动词+名词短语+that从句 It is a pity that…可惜的是…… It is a fact that…事实是…… It is good news that… ……真是太好了。 It is a good thing that… ……真是件好事。 It is no wonder that… 难怪…… It is a shame that…遗憾的是……/……真是太不像话了 It is an honor that…真荣幸…… It is common knowledge that… ……是常识。 It is my belief that … 我相信…… It is a miracle that… ……真是奇迹。

17 It is an established fact that factory workers work better, harder,and have fewer accidents when their machines are painted orange rather than black or grey. 译文：事实证明，如果把工厂里的机器漆成橘黄色而不是黑色或灰色，工人就会干得更勤奋、更出色，事故也会更少。

18 It is a truth universally acknowledged that a single man in possession of a good fortune must be in want of a wife.(《傲慢与偏见》“Pride and Prejudice”中的第一句话) 译文：一个众所周知的事实是，一个单身汉若是非常有钱，那么他一定想要找个妻子。

19 四、It +不及物动词+that从句 It seems that …似乎…… It follows that…因此……/由此可见…… It happens that…碰巧…… It turns out that…结果证明是…… It comes about that…结果是……

20 It dawns upon/on sb.that…某人突然想起……
五、其他结构 It dawns upon/on sb.that…某人突然想起…… It occurs to sb. that… 某人突然想起…… It makes no difference that… ……无所谓 It doesn’t need to be bothered that…不必担忧…… It is of little consequence that… ……无关紧要

21 It dawned upon me that there is a logical connection between all the things that happen in that immensely connected body of salted water that covers 71 percent of the surface of the earth. 译文：我忽然明白了，覆盖地球表面71%的巨大盐水体中所发生的一切事情之间都是有联系的。

22 When I decided to quit my full-time employment it never occurred to me that I might become a part of a new international trend. 译文：当我决定放弃全职工作的时候，我怎么也没想到我会成为一个新的国际流行趋势的一部分。

23 __ is the center of our planetary system was a difficult concept to grasp in the Middle Ages.(1993年6月六级题) A. It is the sun and not the earth B. Being the sun and not the earth C. The sun and not the earth D. That the sun and not the earth

24 答案： D 参考译文：我们所在的行星系的中心是太阳而不是地球，这在中世纪是一个难以理解的观念。

25 2. 疑问词引导的主语从句 疑问词引导的主语从句可以位于句首，也可以借助于先行词it 后置 如：

26 Why he is absent doesn’t interest me.
我对他为什么缺席不感兴趣。 Whether or not an object floats depends on the density of both the object and the water. 一个物体是否会浮起，既取决于该物体的密度，又取决于水的密度。

27 It was uncertain who was responsible for the accident.
不能确定谁对这次事故负责。 It makes no difference where you put the aerial. 你把天线放到哪儿都一样。

28 __ sea turtles find their way back to nesting areas is still a mystery
A. How B. Although C. Since D. While

29 答案：A 参考译文：海龟如何找到返回筑巢区的路，这仍是一个谜。

30 3. 名词性关系词引导的主语从句 1）名词性关系代词引导的主语从句
What is most touching in O. Henry’s stories is the bravery with which ordinary people struggle to maintain their dignity . 欧.亨利的小说中最感人的东西是平民为维护尊严而斗争的勇气。

31 Whatever I have is at your service.
我所有的一切都随你使用。 Whoever uprooted that tree ought to be ashamed of themselves. 拔掉那棵树的人应该为自己感到羞耻。 Whichever comes in first will receive a prize. 谁先来谁得奖。

32 The world’s greatest sporting event, the Olympic Games, upholds the amateur ideal that __ matters is not winning but participating.(1996年1月六级题) A. anything B. it C. what D. everything

33 答案：C 参考译文：奥运会是全世界最大的体育赛事，它维护业余运动员的理想：重要的不是获胜，而是参与。

34 What family and friends I still have live abroad.
2）名词性关系限定词引导的主语从句 What family and friends I still have live abroad. 我所有的家人和朋友都住在国外。 What few friends I have here have been very friendly to me. 我在这里为数不多的几个朋友一直对我很好。

35 He claims to be an expert in astronomy, but in actual fact he is quite ignorant on the subject.__ he knows about it is out of date and inaccurate.(1997年考研题) A. What little B. So much C. How much D. So little

36 答案：A 参考译文：他声称自己是一名天文学专家，但实际上他对这门学科一无所知。他所了解的那一点点东西已经过时了，也不准确。

37 Because引导的主语从句 英语中，还有一种比较特殊的主语从句，即由because引导的主语从句。这种主语从句的结构一般是“because+陈述句”，置于主语位置，后面直接加谓语，而且这个谓语往往都是does not mean 。在because前面往往会有just一词，起强调语气的作用。

38 Just because someone doesn’t love you the way you want them to doesn’t mean they don’t love you with all they have. 译文：如果有人没有以你希望的方式去爱你，并不意味着他们没有全身心地爱你。

39 Something which seems valuable at first may turn out to be worthless
Something which seems valuable at first may turn out to be worthless.Example:“All that glitters is not gold!”Just because something appears valuble does not mean that it really is valuble. 译文：有些东西乍看起来很值钱，但后来却证明是一文不值。比如，人们常说“闪光的并不都是金子”。只是看起来很值钱的东西并不意味着真的很值钱。

40 There is a big difference between activity and accomplishment
There is a big difference between activity and accomplishment .Just because you are doing something doesn’t mean you are getting anywhere.One must evaluate one’s activity in order to have accomlishment. 译文：工作与成就这两者之间是有很大差距的，仅仅是在不停地工作并不意味着你就取得了成就。因此，人们必须认真审视自己眼下的工作，看是否真的能够取得成就。

41 10.3 表语从句 That 引导的表语从句 The fact is that both he and his students are exhausted. 实际情况是他和他的学生们都筋疲力尽了。 My impression is that he is in favor of the plan. 我的印象是他赞成这个计划。

42 The problem is who is to pay. 问题是谁来付款。
2. 疑问词引导的表语从句 The problem is who is to pay. 问题是谁来付款。 What I am interested in is whether they have been engaged to each other. 我感兴趣的是他们是否订婚了。 What was troubling them was where they could find a guide. 使他们伤脑筋的事情是到哪儿找向导。

43 The place is no longer what it was ten years ago. 这个地方已经不是十年前的样子了。
3. 名词性关系词引导的表语从句 1）名词性关系代词引导的表语从句 The place is no longer what it was ten years ago. 这个地方已经不是十年前的样子了。 I am who you are looking for. 我就是你所找的人。

44 The car is where you parked it .
2）名词性关系副词引导的表语从句 The car is where you parked it . 汽车在你原先停放的地方。 This is why I returned their invitation. 这就是我谢绝他们邀请的理由。

45 I felt as though my head were splitting. 我觉得头好像要裂开似的。
4. As if 等引导的表语从句 I felt as though my head were splitting. 我觉得头好像要裂开似的。 The milk smells as if it is sour. 这牛奶闻起来好像酸了。

46 除了as if /as though 之外，从属连词as 和because 也可以引导表语从句：
Things are not as they seem to be. 事物并不像它们表面上看起来那样。 It may be because he is too young. 这可能是因为他太年轻了。

47 10.4 宾语从句 1）that 引导的从句作单宾语 这个故事表明，爱情和责任是不可分的。
The story implies that love cannot be separated from responsibility. 这个故事表明，爱情和责任是不可分的。 Scientists think that losing leaves help some trees to conserve water in the winter. 科学家们认为，落叶有助于树木在冬季保持水分。

48 以that 引导的从句作单宾语的动词有很多，常见的有：accept, acknowledge, admit, advise, agree, announce, answer, anticipate, argue, ask, assume, believe, boast, complain, conclude, confess, confirm, consider, decide, declare, deem, demand, demonstrate, deny, emphasize, estimate, imply, insist, judge, maintain, notice, promise等等。

49 She assured me that everything would be all right.
她让我放心，一切都不会有问题。 We persuaded him that it would be best to wait. 我们劝他最好等一下。

50 这种句型中，先行词it作形式宾语，作宾语补足语的可以是名词、形容词、不定式、过去分词、介词短语等。
3）that 引导的从句作复合宾语中的实际宾语 这种句型中，先行词it作形式宾语，作宾语补足语的可以是名词、形容词、不定式、过去分词、介词短语等。

51 I thought it a false idea that old age brings wisdom.
我觉得年老会令人聪明是一种错误的看法。 He has made it clear that he wouldn’t take over the job. 他已经明确表示不愿意接管这项工作。 I have heard it said they are getting married. 我已听说他们快结婚了。

52 No one can tell what will happen next.
2. 疑问词引导的宾语从句 1）疑问词引导的从句作单宾语 No one can tell what will happen next. 谁也说不出下一步会发生什么情况。 I was wondering whether we could postpone the appointment till the next day. 我不知道我们是否把约会推迟到第二天。

53 Nick told me when the contact would be effective.
2）疑问词引导的从句作双宾语中的直接宾语 Nick told me when the contact would be effective. 尼克告诉我合同何时将生效。 Please write me where you got the money. 请写信告诉我你在哪里弄到这笔钱的。

54 He hasn’t made it clear why he had failed.
3）疑问词引导的从句可以在make之后作复合宾语中的实际宾语。在这种句型中，先行词it 作形式宾语 He hasn’t made it clear why he had failed. 他没有说清楚自己为什么失败了。

55 3.名词性关系词引导的宾语从句 1）名词性关系代词引导的宾语从句 The president is determined to resist what he regards as blackmail by the terrorists. 总统决定抵制他所认为的恐怖分子的敲诈。 I eat whatever I want and I still don’t seem to put on weight. 我想吃什么就吃什么，但似乎仍然没长胖。

56 2）名词性关系副词引导的宾语从句 The position of the voice box in the neck determines how an animal breathes and swallows. 喉在颈中的位置决定着动物的呼吸和吞咽的方式。 In this book he explored why dinosaurs become extinct. 在这本书里，他探索了恐龙灭绝的原因。

57 I spent what little time with my family .
3）名词性关系限定词引导的宾语从句 I spent what little time with my family . 我仅有的那一点时间都和家人一起度过了。 Use which method you prefer. 你喜欢哪个方法就用哪个方法。

58 10.5 介词宾语从句 除了这本书的后面有问题答案以外，这两本书完全一样。
1.that 引导的介词宾语从句仅限于用在except, but等少数介词后 The two books are the same except that this one has an answer key at the back. 除了这本书的后面有问题答案以外，这两本书完全一样。

59 2. 疑问词引导的介词宾语从句 Have you anything of what he is going to discuss with us？ 你知道他准备和我们讨论什么吗？ There was a debate concerning whether the federal government or individual states should have more power. 曾有过一场关于联邦政府还是各州政府应该拥有更多权力的争论。

60 I am sorry for what I have done.
3. 名词性关系词引导的宾语从句 1）名词性关系代词引导的介词宾语从句 I am sorry for what I have done. 我为自己所做的事情感到惭愧。 The files could be of help to whoever took over the job. 这些档案可能对接管这项工作的人有帮助。

61 He walked over to where Susan was sitting.
2）名词性关系副词引导的介词宾语从句 He walked over to where Susan was sitting. 他走到苏珊坐着的地方。 In business, success not only depends on what one says but often on how one says it. 在生意中，成功不仅取决于说话的内容，而且还取决于说话的方式。

62 10.6 同位语从句 1. that 引导的同位语从句 We must face the fact that we have spent all our money. 我们必须面对我们已经把所有的钱都花完了这一事实。 Your assumption, that things will improve , is groundless. 你设想情况会有好转，这是没有根据的。

63 与同位语从句同位的名词是一些具有一定内容含义的抽象名词，常见的有：
answer, belief, conclusion, decision, discovery, fact, hint, hope, idea, information, impression, news, report, opinion, order, possibility, problem, promise, question, rumor, sign, statement, truth等。

64 2. 疑问词引导的同位语从句 The question, why you are so interested in music, has not been answered yet. 你还没有回答“你为什么对音乐这么感兴趣？”这个问题。 My problem — that is ,whether I should invite him — was solved when I received news of his illness. 我的问题—— 我是否应该邀请他—— 在我得到他生病的消息后就解决了。

65 3. 名词性关系词引导的同位语从句 Students like the accumulation of facts— that is, what is known. 学生们喜欢积累论据，也就是已知的东西。 Fame and fortune — what others sought after with zest — was all rubbish to him. 名利—— 别人热心追求的东西—— 对他来说皆如粪土。

66 10.7 宾语补语从句 1. 名词性关系词引导的宾语补语从句
He has made the company what it is today. 他使公司成为现在的样子。 You can call me what (ever) you like. 你喜欢叫我什么就叫我什么。 I named my son what my father named me . 我用我父亲给我起的名字给我儿子起名。

67 在call, make, name 等几个动词后可以跟由名词性关系代词what 和 whatever引导的宾语补语从句。

68 I found him as I had left him.
我发现他还是我离开时的样子。 Leave the children as they are. 不要去管孩子们。 Let’s keep it as it is. 咱们让它保持原样吧。

69 在find, keep , leave 等几个动词后可以跟由 从属连词as 引导的宾语补语从句。

70 10.8 形容词补语从句 1. that 引导的形容词补语从句 I was afraid that I might hurt his feelings. 我担心会伤了他的感情。 They became increasingly aware that women were not granted the same rights as men. 他们越来越意识到妇女并没有被赋予和男子同样的全利。 We are confident that next year’s profits will be much higher. 我们确信明年的利润额会高得多。

71 跟由that 引导的补语从句的常见形容词有：
afraid, alarmed, amazed, annoyed, astonished, aware, careful ,certain, confident, depressed, disappointed, hopeful等

72 He was too sleepy to be aware how cold it was.
2. 疑问词引导的形容词补语从句 He was too sleepy to be aware how cold it was. 他太瞌睡了， 没意识到天气有多冷。 I am doubtful whether she will agree to this. 我不能肯定她是否会同意这一点。

73 1.9 从句的“嵌套结构” 在一个复杂句子当中可能会同时含有多个名词从句，我们称之为名词从句的“嵌套结构”。 也可以是名词从句与定语从句或状语从句构成保护或被保护的关系，从而形成“嵌套结构”。这样都会使句子变得更复杂，遇到时要仔细分析句子结构，方能理解句子的意思。 如何快速理清句子结构，我们提出了“连词与动词配比原则”

74 1.9.1 名词从句的“嵌套结构” 所谓名词从句的“嵌套结构”，即指多个名词从句之间存在的包含与被包含的关系。 如：

75 I realized that what I said was not exactly what I meant to say.
评析：在that 引导的宾语从句中同时含有what引导的主语从句what I said和what 引导的表语从句。 译文：我后来意识到，当时所说的话并非是我真正想说的。

76 The question is how what you have learned can be put into practice.
评析：在how引导的表语从句中含有what引导的主语从句what you have learned。How引导的从句的谓语是can be put into practice,而what 引导的从句谓语是have learned。 译文：问题是，你所学到的知识如何才能应用于实践。

77 Prof. Lee’s book will show you ____can be used in other contexts.
A. that you have observed B. that how you have observed C. how that you have observed D. how what you have observed

78 答案：D 评析：此句类似上面例子的结构，都是how引导的从句嵌套了一个又what 引导的主语从句。所不同的是，上一例句的how引导的从句是一个表语从句，这里的how引导的从句是宾语从句，作show的直接宾语。 译文：李教授的这本书能够让你知道如何把观察到的东西应用到其他场景中。

79 1.9.2 连词与动词的配比原则 在英语中，有N个谓语动词，就会对应有N-1个谓语动词，就会对应N-1个连词以及N-1对应的从句
也就是说，在英语句子中，谓语动词的个数一定是多于连词个数的，通常是多出一个，因为这一个多出的动词就是主句的谓语动词。 如：

80 That the seas are being overfished has been known for years
That the seas are being overfished has been known for years.What researchers such as Ransom Myers and Boris Worn have shown is just how fast things are changing.

81 图解 That the seas are being overfished
主语从句。其中that引导的从句的谓语动词是are being overfished Has been known for years 主句的谓语 What researchers such as Ransom Myers and Boris Worn have shown 主语从句。其中what 引导的从句的谓语动词是have shown Is(just) How fast things are changing 表语从句。其中how引导的从句的谓语动词是are changing

82 译文：海洋正在被人们过度捕捞，许多年以来这已是尽人皆知的事实了。研究人员（如Ransom Myers and Boris Worn ）所揭示的仅仅是情况变化得多么迅速。

83 当然，这种名词从句的“嵌套结构”里面还可以带有定语从句或者状语从句，这样就形成了三大从句的“嵌套结构”。
如

84 No one is in the least interest in the marks a little child gets on his test; what we are interested in is whether we can conclude from his mark on the test that the child will do better or worse than other children of his age at tasks which we think require “general intelligence”.

85 图解 what we are interested in 主语从句 is 主句的谓语
whether we can conclude from his mark on thetest 表语从句中的主谓状结构 that the child will do better or worse than other children of his age at tasks which we think require “general intelligence”. 表语从句中的宾语从句 表语从句

86 宾语从句的结构图示 That the child will do better or worse 宾语从句的主谓状结构
Than other children of his age 插入比较结构，分割了better与at 的搭配 at tasks 中心词tasks Which 引导定语从句，修饰tasks We think 插入语 Require(“general intelligence”)定语从句的谓语部分 介词短语，其中at与上面better or worse构成语义搭配

87 译文：我们对孩子们在考试中取得的分数并不感兴趣，我们所感兴趣的是我们是否能够从他们的考试分数中作出判断:这个孩子在我们认为需要“一般智商”的练习任务中的表现将会好于或差于其他同龄孩子。

88 Exercise Ten 1. He claims to be an expert in astronomy, but he is quite ignorant on the subject. ___ he knows about it is out of date and inaccurate.(1997年考研题) A. What little B. So much C. How much D. So little

89 2. Output is now six times __ it was before 1990.（1995年1月六级题）
A. that B. what C. that which D. of that

90 3. When I try to understand __ that prevents so many Americans from being as happy as one might except, it seems to be that there are two causes.(1998年1月四级题) A. why it does B. what it does C. what it is D. why it is

91 4. Many principles of jet propulsion apply regardless of __ air or water is the fluid used.
A. what B. that C. whether D. either

92 参考答案 1. A 参考译文：他声称自己是一名天文学专家，但实际上他对这门学科一无所知。他所了解的那一点点东西已经过时了，也不准确。

93 2. B 参考译文：现在的产量是1990年之前的6倍。

94 3. C 参考译文：是什么妨碍着这么多美国人不像人们所想象的那么幸福，当我设法弄懂这个问题时， 发现似乎存在两个原因。

95 4. C 参考译文：不论所使用的流体是空气还是水，喷射推进的许多原则都是适用的。