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省略句
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基本概念 1. 省略句的定义 省略是为了避免重复、突出新信息并使上下文紧密连接的一种语法修辞手段。省略在语言中,尤其在对话中,是一种十分普遍的现象。
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2. 小品词的省略 (1)省略介词 He spent four hours (in) going over his lessons. 他花了四个小时复习功课。 I’ve studied Eng1ish (for) five years. 我已学五年英语了。
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(2)省略连词that I believe (that) you will succeed. 我相信你们会成功的。 It’s a pity (that) he’s leaving. 他要走,真遗憾。 I’m sure (that) she will help you. 我肯定她会帮你的。
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(3)省略关系代词 I’ll give you all (that) I have. 我要把我所有的一切都给你。 He read the book (which) I got yesterday. 他看过我昨天买的书了。
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3. 句子成分的省略 (1)省略主语 Beg your pardon. (我)请你原谅。 (Beg前省略了主语I) Take care! 当心! (Take前省略了主语you) Looks as if it will rain. 看起来象要下雨。 (Looks前省略了主语it)
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(2)省略谓语 Who next? 该谁了? (Who后面省略了谓语comes) The river was deep and the ice thin. (ice后面省略了was) We’ll do the best we can. 我们将尽力而为。(can后面省略了动词do)
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(3)省略表语 Are you ready? Yes, I am. 你准备好了吗? 我准备好了。 (am后面省略了ready) He was a lover of sports as he had been in his youth. 他还是象年轻时那样,是一位运动爱好者。 (had been后面省略了a lover of sports)
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(4)省略宾语 Let’s do the dishes. I’ll wash and you’ll dry. 让我们洗碗吧,我来洗,你来揩干。 (wash和dry后面省略了宾语dishes)
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(5)省略定语 He spent part of the money, and the rest he saved. 那钱他花了部分,其余的他都存了起来。 (the rest后面省略了定语of the money)
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(6)省略状语 He was not hurt. Strange! 他没有受伤,真奇怪! (Strange前面省略了状语how)
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难点释疑 1. 省略句可同时省掉句子几个成份 What exciting news! (= What exciting news it is!) 多么令人激动的消息啊! Pity he’s failed. (= It is a pity that he’s failed.) 很遗憾,他失败了。 I like him more than her. (= I like him more than I like her.) 我喜欢他更甚于喜欢她。
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2. 英语中有一些固定的省略结构: a) 在以if, when, though, as if(好象)等连词引导的从句中,如从句中的主要动词是be,常将主语和动词be 省略。
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If necessary, we shall send a telegram home.
如有必要,我们就往家里打电报。 Whenever possible, he will come to my help. 他一有可能就来帮助我。 While cycling, don’t forget the traffic lights. 骑车时,不要忘记看红绿灯。
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b) 由固定词组引导的疑问句: What about having a game of chess? 下盘棋怎么样? How come they left you alone here? 他们怎么会把你一人留在这里呢? What if it’s raining? 如果天下雨怎么办? Why not try again? 为什么不再试试呢?
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c) 在口语中,为了避免重复,不定式可以省去和句子前部重复的动词原形而只留下不定式符号to。
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He may leave if he wishes to.
他可以走,如果他愿意的话。 Don’t go till I tell you to. 等我叫你走你再走。
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3. 被省略的部分一般可以在句子中补上,但有时省略结构已经定型,如果把省略部分补上,反而不合乎习惯。
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He is taller than I am. 他比我高。(am之后省略tall,补上不合习惯) No parking. 禁止停车。(告示用语 = No parking is allowed here.)
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有一些习惯表达很难补上所省略的部分: Not at all. 不用谢。 No matter. 不要紧。 Thanks. 谢谢。
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